source: fedd/federation/experiment_control.py @ 6b439fa

#!/usr/local/bin/python

import os,sys

import re
import random
import string
import subprocess
import tempfile
import copy
import pickle
import logging
import signal
import time
import shutil
import zipfile

import os.path

import traceback
# For parsing visualization output and splitter output
import xml.parsers.expat

from threading import Lock, Thread, Condition
from subprocess import call, Popen, PIPE
from string import join

from urlparse import urlparse
from urllib2 import urlopen, URLError

from util import *
from deter import fedid, generate_fedid
from remote_service import xmlrpc_handler, soap_handler, service_caller
from service_error import service_error
from synch_store import synch_store
from experiment_partition import experiment_partition
from experiment_control_legacy import experiment_control_legacy
from authorizer import abac_authorizer
from thread_pool import thread_pool, pooled_thread
from experiment_info import experiment_info, allocation_info, federated_service
from operation_status import operation_status

from deter import topdl
from deter import ip_allocator
from deter import ip_addr
from deter import topology_to_route_file
import list_log


class nullHandler(logging.Handler):
    def emit(self, record): pass

fl = logging.getLogger("fedd.experiment_control")
fl.addHandler(nullHandler())

class experiment_control_local(experiment_control_legacy):
    """
    Control of experiments that this system can directly access.

    Includes experiment creation, termination and information dissemination.
    Thred safe.
    """

    class ssh_cmd_timeout(RuntimeError): pass
    
    call_RequestAccess = service_caller('RequestAccess')
    call_ReleaseAccess = service_caller('ReleaseAccess')
    call_StartSegment = service_caller('StartSegment')
    call_TerminateSegment = service_caller('TerminateSegment')
    call_InfoSegment = service_caller('InfoSegment')
    call_OperationSegment = service_caller('OperationSegment')
    call_Ns2Topdl = service_caller('Ns2Topdl')

    def __init__(self, config=None, auth=None):
        """
        Intialize the various attributes, most from the config object
        """

        def parse_tarfile_list(tf):
            """
            Parse a tarfile list from the configuration.  This is a set of
            paths and tarfiles separated by spaces.
            """
            rv = [ ]
            if tf is not None:
                tl = tf.split()
                while len(tl) > 1:
                    p, t = tl[0:2]
                    del tl[0:2]
                    rv.append((p, t))
            return rv

        self.list_log = list_log.list_log

        self.cert_file = config.get("experiment_control", "cert_file")
        if self.cert_file:
            self.cert_pwd = config.get("experiment_control", "cert_pwd")
        else:
            self.cert_file = config.get("globals", "cert_file")
            self.cert_pwd = config.get("globals", "cert_pwd")

        self.trusted_certs = config.get("experiment_control", "trusted_certs") \
                or config.get("globals", "trusted_certs")

        self.repodir = config.get("experiment_control", "repodir")
        self.repo_url = config.get("experiment_control", "repo_url", 
                "https://users.isi.deterlab.net:23235");

        self.exp_stem = "fed-stem"
        self.log = logging.getLogger("fedd.experiment_control")
        set_log_level(config, "experiment_control", self.log)
        self.muxmax = 2
        self.nthreads = 10
        self.randomize_experiments = False

        self.splitter = None
        self.ssh_keygen = "/usr/bin/ssh-keygen"
        self.ssh_identity_file = None


        self.debug = config.getboolean("experiment_control", "create_debug")
        self.cleanup = not config.getboolean("experiment_control", 
                "leave_tmpfiles")
        self.state_filename = config.get("experiment_control", 
                "experiment_state")
        self.store_filename = config.get("experiment_control", 
                "synch_store")
        self.store_url = config.get("experiment_control", "store_url")
        self.splitter_url = config.get("experiment_control", "ns2topdl_uri")
        self.grouper_url = config.get("experiment_control", "grouper_url")
        self.fedkit = parse_tarfile_list(\
                config.get("experiment_control", "fedkit"))
        self.gatewaykit = parse_tarfile_list(\
                config.get("experiment_control", "gatewaykit"))

        dt = config.get("experiment_control", "direct_transit")
        self.auth_type = config.get('experiment_control', 'auth_type') \
                or 'legacy'
        self.auth_dir = config.get('experiment_control', 'auth_dir')
        self.routing = config.get('experiment_control', 'routing')
        self.default_tb = config.get('experiment_control', 'default_testbed')
        # XXX: document this!
        self.info_cache_limit = \
                config.getint('experiment_control', 'info_cache', 600)
        if dt: self.direct_transit = [ tb.strip() for tb in dt.split(",")]
        else: self.direct_transit = [ ]
        # NB for internal master/slave ops, not experiment setup
        self.ssh_type = config.get("experiment_control", "sshkeytype", "rsa")

        self.overrides = set([])
        ovr = config.get('experiment_control', 'overrides')
        if ovr:
            for o in ovr.split(","):
                o = o.strip()
                if o.startswith('fedid:'): o = o[len('fedid:'):]
                self.overrides.add(fedid(hexstr=o))

        self.state = { }
        self.state_lock = Lock()
        self.tclsh = "/usr/local/bin/otclsh"
        self.tcl_splitter = config.get("ns2topdl", "tcl_splitter") or \
                config.get("experiment_control", "tcl_splitter",
                        "/usr/testbed/lib/ns2ir/parse.tcl")
        mapdb_file = config.get("experiment_control", "mapdb")
        self.trace_file = sys.stderr

        self.def_expstart = \
                "sudo -H /bin/sh /usr/local/federation/bin/federate.sh >& " +\
                "/tmp/federate";
        self.def_mexpstart = "sudo -H /usr/local/federation/bin/make_hosts " +\
                "FEDDIR/hosts";
        self.def_gwstart = \
                "sudo -H /usr/local/federation/bin/fed-tun.pl -f GWCONF>& " +\
                "/tmp/bridge.log";
        self.def_mgwstart = \
                "sudo -H /usr/local/federation/bin/fed-tun.pl -f GWCONF >& " +\
                "/tmp/bridge.log";
        self.def_gwimage = "FBSD61-TUNNEL2";
        self.def_gwtype = "pc";
        self.local_access = { }

        if self.auth_type == 'legacy':
            if auth:
                self.auth = auth
            else:
                self.log.error( "[access]: No authorizer initialized, " +\
                        "creating local one.")
                auth = authorizer()
            self.get_access = self.legacy_get_access
        elif self.auth_type == 'abac':
            self.auth = abac_authorizer(load=self.auth_dir, 
                    update=os.path.join(self.auth_dir,'update'))
        else:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                    "Unknown auth_type: %s" % self.auth_type)

        if mapdb_file:
            self.read_mapdb(mapdb_file)
        else:
            self.log.warn("[experiment_control] No testbed map, using defaults")
            self.tbmap = { 
                    'deter':'https://users.isi.deterlab.net:23235',
                    'emulab':'https://users.isi.deterlab.net:23236',
                    'ucb':'https://users.isi.deterlab.net:23237',
                    }

        # Grab saved state.  OK to do this w/o locking because it's read only
        # and only one thread should be in existence that can see self.state at
        # this point.
        if self.state_filename:
            self.read_state()

        if self.store_filename:
            self.read_store()
        else:
            self.log.warning("No saved synch store")
            self.synch_store = synch_store

        # Dispatch tables
        self.soap_services = {\
                'New': soap_handler('New', self.new_experiment),
                'Create': soap_handler('Create', self.create_experiment),
                'Vtopo': soap_handler('Vtopo', self.get_vtopo),
                'Vis': soap_handler('Vis', self.get_vis),
                'Info': soap_handler('Info', self.get_info),
                'MultiInfo': soap_handler('MultiInfo', self.get_multi_info),
                'Operation': soap_handler('Operation', self.do_operation),
                'Terminate': soap_handler('Terminate', 
                    self.terminate_experiment),
                'GetValue': soap_handler('GetValue', self.GetValue),
                'SetValue': soap_handler('SetValue', self.SetValue),
        }

        self.xmlrpc_services = {\
                'New': xmlrpc_handler('New', self.new_experiment),
                'Create': xmlrpc_handler('Create', self.create_experiment),
                'Vtopo': xmlrpc_handler('Vtopo', self.get_vtopo),
                'Vis': xmlrpc_handler('Vis', self.get_vis),
                'Info': xmlrpc_handler('Info', self.get_info),
                'MultiInfo': xmlrpc_handler('MultiInfo', self.get_multi_info),
                'Terminate': xmlrpc_handler('Terminate',
                    self.terminate_experiment),
                'Operation': xmlrpc_handler('Operation', self.do_operation),
                'GetValue': xmlrpc_handler('GetValue', self.GetValue),
                'SetValue': xmlrpc_handler('SetValue', self.SetValue),
        }

    # Call while holding self.state_lock
    def write_state(self):
        """
        Write a new copy of experiment state after copying the existing state
        to a backup.

        State format is a simple pickling of the state dictionary.
        """
        if os.access(self.state_filename, os.W_OK):
            copy_file(self.state_filename, \
                    "%s.bak" % self.state_filename)
        try:
            f = open(self.state_filename, 'w')
            pickle.dump(self.state, f)
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            self.log.error("Can't write file %s: %s" % \
                    (self.state_filename, e))
        except pickle.PicklingError, e:
            self.log.error("Pickling problem: %s" % e)
        except TypeError, e:
            self.log.error("Pickling problem (TypeError): %s" % e)

    @staticmethod
    def get_alloc_ids(exp):
        """
        Used by read_store and read state.  This used to be worse.
        """

        return [ a.allocID for a in exp.get_all_allocations() ]


    # Call while holding self.state_lock
    def read_state(self):
        """
        Read a new copy of experiment state.  Old state is overwritten.

        State format is a simple pickling of the state dictionary.
        """
        
        try:
            f = open(self.state_filename, "r")
            self.state = pickle.load(f)
            self.log.debug("[read_state]: Read state from %s" % \
                    self.state_filename)
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            self.log.warning("[read_state]: No saved state: Can't open %s: %s"\
                    % (self.state_filename, e))
        except pickle.UnpicklingError, e:
            self.log.warning(("[read_state]: No saved state: " + \
                    "Unpickling failed: %s") % e)
        
        for s in self.state.values():
            try:

                eid = s.fedid
                if eid : 
                    if self.auth_type == 'legacy':
                        # XXX: legacy
                        # Give the owner rights to the experiment
                        #self.auth.set_attribute(s['owner'], eid)
                        # And holders of the eid as well
                        self.auth.set_attribute(eid, eid)
                        # allow overrides to control experiments as well
                        for o in self.overrides:
                            self.auth.set_attribute(o, eid)
                        # Set permissions to allow reading of the software
                        # repo, if any, as well.
                        for a in self.get_alloc_ids(s):
                            self.auth.set_attribute(a, 'repo/%s' % eid)
                else:
                    raise KeyError("No experiment id")
            except KeyError, e:
                self.log.warning("[read_state]: State ownership or identity " +\
                        "misformatted in %s: %s" % (self.state_filename, e))

    def read_mapdb(self, file):
        """
        Read a simple colon separated list of mappings for the
        label-to-testbed-URL mappings.  Clears or creates self.tbmap.
        also adds testbeds to active if they include , active after
        their name.
        """

        self.tbmap = { }
        lineno =0
        try:
            f = open(file, "r")
            for line in f:
                lineno += 1
                line = line.strip()
                if line.startswith('#') or len(line) == 0:
                    continue
                try:
                    label, url = line.split(':', 1)
                    self.tbmap[label] = url
                except ValueError, e:
                    self.log.warn("[read_mapdb] Ignored bad line (%d) in " +\
                            "map db: %s %s" % (lineno, line, e))
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            self.log.warning("[read_mapdb]: No saved map database: Can't " +\
                    "open %s: %s" % (file, e))
        else:
            f.close()

    def read_store(self):
        try:
            self.synch_store = synch_store()
            self.synch_store.load(self.store_filename)
            self.log.debug("[read_store]: Read store from %s" % \
                    self.store_filename)
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            self.log.warning("[read_store]: No saved store: Can't open %s: %s"\
                    % (self.state_filename, e))
            self.synch_store = synch_store()

        # Set the initial permissions on data in the store.  XXX: This ad hoc
        # authorization attribute initialization is getting out of hand.
        # XXX: legacy
        if self.auth_type == 'legacy':
            for k in self.synch_store.all_keys():
                try:
                    if k.startswith('fedid:'):
                        fid = fedid(hexstr=k[6:46])
                        if self.state.has_key(fid):
                            for a in self.get_alloc_ids(self.state[fid]):
                                self.auth.set_attribute(a, k)
                except ValueError, e:
                    self.log.warn("Cannot deduce permissions for %s" % k)


    def write_store(self):
        """
        Write a new copy of synch_store after writing current state
        to a backup.  We use the internal synch_store pickle method to avoid
        incinsistent data.

        State format is a simple pickling of the store.
        """
        if os.access(self.store_filename, os.W_OK):
            copy_file(self.store_filename, \
                    "%s.bak" % self.store_filename)
        try:
            self.synch_store.save(self.store_filename)
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            self.log.error("Can't write file %s: %s" % \
                    (self.store_filename, e))
        except TypeError, e:
            self.log.error("Pickling problem (TypeError): %s" % e)

    # XXX this may belong somewhere else

    def get_grouper_updates(self, fid):
        if self.grouper_url is None: return
        d = tempfile.mkdtemp()
        try:
            fstr = "%s" % fid
            # XXX locking
            zipname = os.path.join(d, 'grouper.zip')
            dest = os.path.join(self.auth_dir, 'update')
            resp = urlopen('%s?uid=%s' % (self.grouper_url, fstr))
            f = open(zipname, 'w')
            f.write(resp.read())
            f.close()
            zf = zipfile.ZipFile(zipname, 'r')
            zf.extractall(dest)
            zf.close()
        except URLError, e:
            self.log.error("Cannot connect to grouper: %s" % e)
            pass
        finally:
            shutil.rmtree(d)


    def remove_dirs(self, dir):
        """
        Remove the directory tree and all files rooted at dir.  Log any errors,
        but continue.
        """
        self.log.debug("[removedirs]: removing %s" % dir)
        try:
            for path, dirs, files in os.walk(dir, topdown=False):
                for f in files:
                    os.remove(os.path.join(path, f))
                for d in dirs:
                    os.rmdir(os.path.join(path, d))
            os.rmdir(dir)
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            self.log.error("Error deleting directory tree in %s" % e);

    @staticmethod
    def make_temp_certfile(expcert, tmpdir):
        """
        make a protected copy of the access certificate so the experiment
        controller can act as the experiment principal.  mkstemp is the most
        secure way to do that. The directory should be created by
        mkdtemp.  Return the filename.
        """
        if expcert and tmpdir:
            try:
                certf, certfn = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=".pem", dir=tmpdir)
                f = os.fdopen(certf, 'w')
                print >> f, expcert
                f.close()
            except EnvironmentError, e:
                raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                        "Cannot create temp cert file?")
            return certfn
        else:
            return None

        
    def generate_ssh_keys(self, dest, type="rsa" ):
        """
        Generate a set of keys for the gateways to use to talk.

        Keys are of type type and are stored in the required dest file.
        """
        valid_types = ("rsa", "dsa")
        t = type.lower();
        if t not in valid_types: raise ValueError
        cmd = [self.ssh_keygen, '-t', t, '-N', '', '-f', dest]

        try:
            trace = open("/dev/null", "w")
        except EnvironmentError:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal,
                    "Cannot open /dev/null??");

        # May raise CalledProcessError
        self.log.debug("[generate_ssh_keys]: %s" % " ".join(cmd))
        rv = call(cmd, stdout=trace, stderr=trace, close_fds=True)
        if rv != 0:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                    "Cannot generate nonce ssh keys.  %s return code %d" \
                            % (self.ssh_keygen, rv))

    def generate_seer_certs(self, destdir):
        '''
        Create a SEER ca cert and a node cert in destdir/ca.pem and
        destdir/node.pem respectively.  These will be distributed throughout
        the federated experiment.  This routine reports errors via
        service_errors.
        '''
        openssl = '/usr/bin/openssl'
        # All the filenames and parameters we need for openssl calls below
        ca_key =os.path.join(destdir, 'ca.key') 
        ca_pem = os.path.join(destdir, 'ca.pem')
        node_key =os.path.join(destdir, 'node.key') 
        node_pem = os.path.join(destdir, 'node.pem')
        node_req = os.path.join(destdir, 'node.req')
        node_signed = os.path.join(destdir, 'node.signed')
        days = '%s' % (365 * 10)
        serial = '%s' % random.randint(0, 1<<16)

        try:
            # Sequence of calls to create a CA key, create a ca cert, create a
            # node key, node signing request, and finally a signed node
            # certificate.
            sequence = (
                    (openssl, 'genrsa', '-out', ca_key, '1024'),
                    (openssl, 'req', '-new', '-x509', '-key', ca_key, '-out', 
                        ca_pem, '-days', days, '-subj', 
                        '/C=US/ST=CA/O=DETER/OU=fedd/CN=CA' ),
                    (openssl, 'genrsa', '-out', node_key, '1024'),
                    (openssl, 'req', '-new', '-key', node_key, '-out', 
                        node_req, '-days', days, '-subj', 
                        '/C=US/ST=CA/O=DETER/OU=fedd/CN=node' ),
                    (openssl, 'x509', '-CA', ca_pem, '-CAkey', ca_key, 
                        '-set_serial', serial, '-req', '-in', node_req, 
                        '-out', node_signed, '-days', days),
                )
            # Do all that stuff; bail if there's an error, and push all the
            # output to dev/null.
            for cmd in sequence:
                trace = open("/dev/null", "w")
                rv = call(cmd, stdout=trace, stderr=trace, close_fds=True)
                if rv != 0:
                    raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                            "Cannot generate SEER certs.  %s return code %d" \
                                    % (' '.join(cmd), rv))
            # Concatinate the node key and signed certificate into node.pem
            f = open(node_pem, 'w')
            for comp in (node_signed, node_key):
                g = open(comp, 'r')
                f.write(g.read())
                g.close()
            f.close()

            # Throw out intermediaries.
            for fn in (ca_key, node_key, node_req, node_signed):
                os.unlink(fn)

        except EnvironmentError, e:
            # Any difficulties with the file system wind up here
            raise service_error(service_error.internal,
                    "File error on  %s while creating SEER certs: %s" % \
                            (e.filename, e.strerror))



    def gentopo(self, str):
        """
        Generate the topology data structure from the splitter's XML
        representation of it.

        The topology XML looks like:
            <experiment>
                <nodes>
                    <node><vname></vname><ips>ip1:ip2</ips></node>
                </nodes>
                <lans>
                    <lan>
                        <vname></vname><vnode></vnode><ip></ip>
                        <bandwidth></bandwidth><member>node:port</member>
                    </lan>
                </lans>
        """
        class topo_parse:
            """
            Parse the topology XML and create the dats structure.
            """
            def __init__(self):
                # Typing of the subelements for data conversion
                self.str_subelements = ('vname', 'vnode', 'ips', 'ip', 'member')
                self.int_subelements = ( 'bandwidth',)
                self.float_subelements = ( 'delay',)
                # The final data structure
                self.nodes = [ ]
                self.lans =  [ ]
                self.topo = { \
                        'node': self.nodes,\
                        'lan' : self.lans,\
                    }
                self.element = { }  # Current element being created
                self.chars = ""     # Last text seen

            def end_element(self, name):
                # After each sub element the contents is added to the current
                # element or to the appropriate list.
                if name == 'node':
                    self.nodes.append(self.element)
                    self.element = { }
                elif name == 'lan':
                    self.lans.append(self.element)
                    self.element = { }
                elif name in self.str_subelements:
                    self.element[name] = self.chars
                    self.chars = ""
                elif name in self.int_subelements:
                    self.element[name] = int(self.chars)
                    self.chars = ""
                elif name in self.float_subelements:
                    self.element[name] = float(self.chars)
                    self.chars = ""

            def found_chars(self, data):
                self.chars += data.rstrip()


        tp = topo_parse();
        parser = xml.parsers.expat.ParserCreate()
        parser.EndElementHandler = tp.end_element
        parser.CharacterDataHandler = tp.found_chars

        parser.Parse(str)

        return tp.topo
        

    def genviz(self, topo):
        """
        Generate the visualization the virtual topology
        """

        neato = "/usr/local/bin/neato"
        # These are used to parse neato output and to create the visualization
        # file.
        vis_re = re.compile('^\s*"?([\w\-]+)"?\s+\[.*pos="([\d\.]+),([\d\.]+)"')
        vis_fmt = "<node><name>%s</name><x>%s</x><y>%s</y><type>" + \
                "%s</type></node>"

        try:
            # Node names
            nodes = [ n['vname'] for n in topo['node'] ]
            topo_lans = topo['lan']
        except KeyError, e:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal, "Bad topology: %s" %e)

        lans = { }
        links = { }

        # Walk through the virtual topology, organizing the connections into
        # 2-node connections (links) and more-than-2-node connections (lans).
        # When a lan is created, it's added to the list of nodes (there's a
        # node in the visualization for the lan).
        for l in topo_lans:
            if links.has_key(l['vname']):
                if len(links[l['vname']]) < 2:
                    links[l['vname']].append(l['vnode'])
                else:
                    nodes.append(l['vname'])
                    lans[l['vname']] = links[l['vname']]
                    del links[l['vname']]
                    lans[l['vname']].append(l['vnode'])
            elif lans.has_key(l['vname']):
                lans[l['vname']].append(l['vnode'])
            else:
                links[l['vname']] = [ l['vnode'] ]


        # Open up a temporary file for dot to turn into a visualization
        try:
            df, dotname = tempfile.mkstemp()
            dotfile = os.fdopen(df, 'w')
        except EnvironmentError:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal,
                    "Failed to open file in genviz")

        try:
            dnull = open('/dev/null', 'w')
        except EnvironmentError:
            service_error(service_error.internal,
                    "Failed to open /dev/null in genviz")

        # Generate a dot/neato input file from the links, nodes and lans
        try:
            print >>dotfile, "graph G {"
            for n in nodes:
                print >>dotfile, '\t"%s"' % n
            for l in links.keys():
                print >>dotfile, '\t"%s" -- "%s"' %  tuple(links[l])
            for l in lans.keys():
                for n in lans[l]:
                    print >>dotfile, '\t "%s" -- "%s"' % (n,l)
            print >>dotfile, "}"
            dotfile.close()
        except TypeError:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal,
                    "Single endpoint link in vtopo")
        except EnvironmentError:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal, "Cannot write dot file")

        # Use dot to create a visualization
        try:
            dot = Popen([neato, '-Gstart=rand', '-Gepsilon=0.005',
                '-Gmaxiter=2000', '-Gpack=true', dotname], stdout=PIPE,
                stderr=dnull, close_fds=True)
        except EnvironmentError:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                    "Cannot generate visualization: is graphviz available?")
        dnull.close()

        # Translate dot to vis format
        vis_nodes = [ ]
        vis = { 'node': vis_nodes }
        for line in dot.stdout:
            m = vis_re.match(line)
            if m:
                vn = m.group(1)
                vis_node = {'name': vn, \
                        'x': float(m.group(2)),\
                        'y' : float(m.group(3)),\
                    }
                if vn in links.keys() or vn in lans.keys():
                    vis_node['type'] = 'lan'
                else:
                    vis_node['type'] = 'node'
                vis_nodes.append(vis_node)
        rv = dot.wait()

        os.remove(dotname)
        # XXX: graphviz seems to use low return codes for warnings, like
        # "couldn't find font"
        if rv < 2 : return vis
        else: return None


    def release_access(self, tb, aid, tbmap=None, uri=None, cert_file=None,
            cert_pwd=None):
        """
        Release access to testbed through fedd
        """

        if not uri and tbmap:
            uri = tbmap.get(tb, None)
        if not uri:
            raise service_error(service_error.server_config, 
                    "Unknown testbed: %s" % tb)

        if self.local_access.has_key(uri):
            resp = self.local_access[uri].ReleaseAccess(\
                    { 'ReleaseAccessRequestBody' : 
                        {'allocID': {'fedid': aid}},}, 
                    fedid(file=cert_file))
            resp = { 'ReleaseAccessResponseBody': resp } 
        else:
            resp = self.call_ReleaseAccess(uri, {'allocID': {'fedid': aid} },
                    cert_file, cert_pwd, self.trusted_certs)

        # better error coding

    def remote_ns2topdl(self, uri, desc):

        req = {
                'description' : { 'ns2description': desc },
            }

        r = self.call_Ns2Topdl(uri, req, self.cert_file, self.cert_pwd, 
                self.trusted_certs)

        if r.has_key('Ns2TopdlResponseBody'):
            r = r['Ns2TopdlResponseBody']
            ed = r.get('experimentdescription', None)
            if ed.has_key('topdldescription'):
                return topdl.Topology(**ed['topdldescription'])
            else:
                raise service_error(service_error.protocol, 
                        "Bad splitter response (no output)")
        else:
            raise service_error(service_error.protocol, "Bad splitter response")

    class start_segment:
        def __init__(self, debug=False, log=None, testbed="", cert_file=None,
                cert_pwd=None, trusted_certs=None, caller=None,
                log_collector=None):
            self.log = log
            self.debug = debug
            self.cert_file = cert_file
            self.cert_pwd = cert_pwd
            self.trusted_certs = None
            self.caller = caller
            self.testbed = testbed
            self.log_collector = log_collector
            self.response = None
            self.node = { }
            self.subs = { }
            self.tb = { }
            self.proof = None

        def make_map(self, resp):
            if 'segmentdescription' not in resp  or \
                    'topdldescription' not in resp['segmentdescription']:
                self.log.warn('No topology returned from startsegment')
                return 

            top = topdl.Topology(
                    **resp['segmentdescription']['topdldescription'])

            for e in top.elements:
                if isinstance(e, topdl.Computer):
                    self.node[e.name] = e
                elif isinstance(e, topdl.Testbed):
                    self.tb[e.uri] = e
            for s in top.substrates:
                self.subs[s.name] = s

        def __call__(self, uri, aid, topo, masters, attrs=None, connInfo=None):
            req = {
                    'allocID': { 'fedid' : aid }, 
                    'segmentdescription': { 
                        'topdldescription': topo.to_dict(),
                    },
                }

            if connInfo:
                req['connection'] = connInfo

            import_svcs = [ s for m in masters.values() \
                    for s in m if self.testbed in s.importers]

            if import_svcs or self.testbed in masters:
                req['service'] = []

            for s in import_svcs:
                for r in s.reqs:
                    sr = copy.deepcopy(r)
                    sr['visibility'] = 'import';
                    req['service'].append(sr)

            for s in masters.get(self.testbed, []):
                for r in s.reqs:
                    sr = copy.deepcopy(r)
                    sr['visibility'] = 'export';
                    req['service'].append(sr)

            if attrs:
                req['fedAttr'] = attrs

            try:
                self.log.debug("Calling StartSegment at %s " % uri)
                r = self.caller(uri, req, self.cert_file, self.cert_pwd,
                        self.trusted_certs)
                if r.has_key('StartSegmentResponseBody'):
                    lval = r['StartSegmentResponseBody'].get('allocationLog',
                            None)
                    if lval and self.log_collector:
                        for line in  lval.splitlines(True):
                            self.log_collector.write(line)
                    self.make_map(r['StartSegmentResponseBody'])
                    if 'proof' in r: self.proof = r['proof']
                    self.response = r
                else:
                    raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                            "Bad response!?: %s" %r)
                return True
            except service_error, e:
                self.log.error("Start segment failed on %s: %s" % \
                        (self.testbed, e))
                return False



    class terminate_segment:
        def __init__(self, debug=False, log=None, testbed="", cert_file=None,
                cert_pwd=None, trusted_certs=None, caller=None):
            self.log = log
            self.debug = debug
            self.cert_file = cert_file
            self.cert_pwd = cert_pwd
            self.trusted_certs = None
            self.caller = caller
            self.testbed = testbed

        def __call__(self, uri, aid ):
            req = {
                    'allocID': {'fedid': aid }, 
                }
            self.log.info("Calling terminate segment")
            try:
                r = self.caller(uri, req, self.cert_file, self.cert_pwd,
                        self.trusted_certs)
                self.log.info("Terminate segment succeeded")
                return True
            except service_error, e:
                self.log.error("Terminate segment failed on %s: %s" % \
                        (self.testbed, e))
                return False

    class info_segment(start_segment):
        def __init__(self, debug=False, log=None, testbed="", cert_file=None,
                cert_pwd=None, trusted_certs=None, caller=None,
                log_collector=None):
            experiment_control_local.start_segment.__init__(self, debug, 
                    log, testbed, cert_file, cert_pwd, trusted_certs, 
                    caller, log_collector)

        def __call__(self, uri, aid):
            req = { 'allocID': { 'fedid' : aid } }

            try:
                self.log.debug("Calling InfoSegment at %s " % uri)
                r = self.caller(uri, req, self.cert_file, self.cert_pwd,
                        self.trusted_certs)
                if r.has_key('InfoSegmentResponseBody'):
                    self.make_map(r['InfoSegmentResponseBody'])
                    if 'proof' in r: self.proof = r['proof']
                    self.response = r
                else:
                    raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                            "Bad response!?: %s" %r)
                return True
            except service_error, e:
                self.log.error("Info segment failed on %s: %s" % \
                        (self.testbed, e))
                return False

    class operation_segment:
        def __init__(self, debug=False, log=None, testbed="", cert_file=None,
                cert_pwd=None, trusted_certs=None, caller=None,
                log_collector=None):
            self.log = log
            self.debug = debug
            self.cert_file = cert_file
            self.cert_pwd = cert_pwd
            self.trusted_certs = None
            self.caller = caller
            self.testbed = testbed
            self.status = None

        def __call__(self, uri, aid, op, targets, params):
            req = { 
                    'allocID': { 'fedid' : aid },
                    'operation': op,
                    'target': targets,
                    }
            if params: req['parameter'] = params


            try:
                self.log.debug("Calling OperationSegment at %s " % uri)
                r = self.caller(uri, req, self.cert_file, self.cert_pwd,
                        self.trusted_certs)
                if 'OperationSegmentResponseBody' in r:
                    r = r['OperationSegmentResponseBody']
                    if 'status' in r:
                        self.status = r['status']
                else:
                    raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                            "Bad response!?: %s" %r)
                return True
            except service_error, e:
                self.log.error("Operation segment failed on %s: %s" % \
                        (self.testbed, e))
                return False

    def annotate_topology(self, top, data):
        # These routines do various parts of the annotation
        def add_new_names(nl, l):
            """ add any names in nl to the list in l """
            for n in nl:
                if n not in l: l.append(n)
        
        def merge_services(ne, e):
            for ns in ne.service:
                # NB: the else is on the for
                for s in e.service:
                    if ns.name == s.name:
                        s.importer = ns.importer
                        s.param = ns.param
                        s.description = ns.description
                        s.status = ns.status
                        break
                else:
                    e.service.append(ns)
        
        def merge_oses(ne, e):
            """
            Merge the operating system entries of ne into e
            """
            for nos in ne.os:
                # NB: the else is on the for
                for os in e.os:
                    if nos.name == os.name:
                        os.version = nos.version
                        os.version = nos.distribution
                        os.version = nos.distributionversion
                        for a in nos.attribute:
                            if os.get_attribute(a.attribute):
                                os.remove_attribute(a.attribute)
                            os.set_attribute(a.attribute, a.value)
                        break
                else:
                    # If both nodes have one OS, this is a replacement
                    if len(ne.os) == 1 and len(e.os) == 1: e.os = ne.os
                    else: e.os.append(nos)

        # Annotate the topology with embedding info
        for e in top.elements:
            if isinstance(e, topdl.Computer):
                for s in data:
                    ne = s.node.get(e.name, None)
                    if ne is not None:
                        add_new_names(ne.localname, e.localname)
                        e.status = ne.status
                        merge_services(ne, e)
                        add_new_names(ne.operation, e.operation)
                        if ne.os: merge_oses(ne, e)
                        break
            elif isinstance(e,topdl.Testbed):
                for s in data:
                    ne = s.tb.get(e.uri, None)
                    if ne is not None:
                        add_new_names(ne.localname, e.localname)
                        add_new_names(ne.operation, e.operation)
                        merge_services(ne, e)
                        for a in ne.attribute:
                            e.set_attribute(a.attribute, a.value)
        # Annotate substrates 
        for s in top.substrates:
            for d in data:
                ss = d.subs.get(s.name, None)
                if ss is not None:
                    if ss.capacity is not None:
                        s.capacity = ss.capacity
                    if s.latency is not None:
                        s.latency = ss.latency



    def allocate_resources(self, allocated, masters, eid, expid, 
            tbparams, top, topo, tmpdir, alloc_log=None, log_collector=None, 
            attrs=None, connInfo={}, tbmap=None, expcert=None):

        started = { }           # Testbeds where a sub-experiment started 
                                # successfully

        # XXX
        fail_soft = False

        if tbmap is None: tbmap = { }

        log = alloc_log or self.log

        tp = thread_pool(self.nthreads)
        threads = [ ]
        starters = [ ]

        if expcert:
            cert = expcert
            pw = None
        else:
            cert = self.cert_file
            pw = self.cert_pwd

        for tb in allocated.keys():
            # Create and start a thread to start the segment, and save it
            # to get the return value later
            tb_attrs = copy.copy(attrs)
            tp.wait_for_slot()
            uri = tbparams[tb].uri or tbmap.get(testbed_base(tb), None)
            base, suffix = split_testbed(tb)
            if suffix:
                tb_attrs.append({'attribute': 'experiment_name', 
                    'value': "%s-%s" % (eid, suffix)})
            else:
                tb_attrs.append({'attribute': 'experiment_name', 'value': eid})
            if not uri:
                raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                        "Unknown testbed %s !?" % tb)

            aid = tbparams[tb].allocID
            if not aid:
                raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                        "No alloc id for testbed %s !?" % tb)

            s = self.start_segment(log=log, debug=self.debug,
                    testbed=tb, cert_file=cert,
                    cert_pwd=pw, trusted_certs=self.trusted_certs,
                    caller=self.call_StartSegment,
                    log_collector=log_collector)
            starters.append(s)
            t  = pooled_thread(\
                    target=s, name=tb,
                    args=(uri, aid, topo[tb], masters, tb_attrs, connInfo[tb]),
                    pdata=tp, trace_file=self.trace_file)
            threads.append(t)
            t.start()

        # Wait until all finish (keep pinging the log, though)
        mins = 0
        revoked = False
        while not tp.wait_for_all_done(60.0):
            mins += 1
            alloc_log.info("Waiting for sub threads (it has been %d mins)" \
                    % mins)
            if not revoked and \
                    len([ t.getName() for t in threads if t.rv == False]) > 0:
                # a testbed has failed.  Revoke this experiment's
                # synchronizarion values so that sub experiments will not
                # deadlock waiting for synchronization that will never happen
                self.log.info("A subexperiment has failed to swap in, " + \
                        "revoking synch keys")
                var_key = "fedid:%s" % expid
                for k in self.synch_store.all_keys():
                    if len(k) > 45 and k[0:46] == var_key:
                        self.synch_store.revoke_key(k)
                revoked = True

        failed = [ t.getName() for t in threads if not t.rv ]
        succeeded = [tb for tb in allocated.keys() if tb not in failed]

        # If one failed clean up, unless fail_soft is set
        if failed:
            if not fail_soft:
                tp.clear()
                for tb in succeeded:
                    # Create and start a thread to stop the segment
                    tp.wait_for_slot()
                    uri = tbparams[tb].uri
                    t  = pooled_thread(\
                            target=self.terminate_segment(log=log,
                                testbed=tb,
                                cert_file=cert, 
                                cert_pwd=pw,
                                trusted_certs=self.trusted_certs,
                                caller=self.call_TerminateSegment),
                            args=(uri, tbparams[tb].allocID),
                            name=tb,
                            pdata=tp, trace_file=self.trace_file)
                    t.start()
                # Wait until all finish (if any are being stopped)
                if succeeded:
                    tp.wait_for_all_done()

                # release the allocations
                for tb in tbparams.keys():
                    try:
                        self.release_access(tb, tbparams[tb].allocID, 
                                tbmap=tbmap, uri=tbparams[tb].uri,
                                cert_file=cert, cert_pwd=pw)
                    except service_error, e:
                        self.log.warn("Error releasing access: %s" % e.desc)
                # Remove the placeholder
                self.state_lock.acquire()
                self.state[eid].status = 'failed'
                self.state[eid].updated()
                if self.state_filename: self.write_state()
                self.state_lock.release()
                # Remove the repo dir
                self.remove_dirs("%s/%s" %(self.repodir, expid))
                # Walk up tmpdir, deleting as we go
                if self.cleanup:
                    self.remove_dirs(tmpdir)
                else:
                    log.debug("[start_experiment]: not removing %s" % tmpdir)


                log.error("Swap in failed on %s" % ",".join(failed))
                return
        else:
            # Walk through the successes and gather the proofs
            proofs = { }
            for s in starters:
                if s.proof:
                    proofs[s.testbed] = s.proof
            self.annotate_topology(top, starters)
            log.info("[start_segment]: Experiment %s active" % eid)


        # Walk up tmpdir, deleting as we go
        if self.cleanup:
            self.remove_dirs(tmpdir)
        else:
            log.debug("[start_experiment]: not removing %s" % tmpdir)

        # Insert the experiment into our state and update the disk copy.
        self.state_lock.acquire()
        self.state[expid].status = 'active'
        self.state[eid] = self.state[expid]
        self.state[eid].top = top
        self.state[eid].updated()
        # Append startup proofs
        for f in self.state[eid].get_all_allocations():
            if f.tb in proofs:
                f.proof.append(proofs[f.tb])

        if self.state_filename: self.write_state()
        self.state_lock.release()
        return


    def add_kit(self, e, kit):
        """
        Add a Software object created from the list of (install, location)
        tuples passed as kit  to the software attribute of an object e.  We
        do this enough to break out the code, but it's kind of a hack to
        avoid changing the old tuple rep.
        """

        s = [ topdl.Software(install=i, location=l) for i, l in kit]

        if isinstance(e.software, list): e.software.extend(s)
        else: e.software = s 

    def append_experiment_authorization(self, expid, attrs, 
            need_state_lock=True):
        """
        Append the authorization information to system state
        """

        for p, a in attrs:
            if p and a:
                # Improperly configured overrides can add bad principals.
                self.auth.set_attribute(p, a)
            else:
                self.log.debug("Bad append experiment_authorization %s %s" \
                        % (p, a))
        self.auth.save()

        if need_state_lock: self.state_lock.acquire()
        # XXX: really a no op?
        #self.state[expid]['auth'].update(attrs)
        if self.state_filename: self.write_state()
        if need_state_lock: self.state_lock.release()

    def clear_experiment_authorization(self, expid, need_state_lock=True):
        """
        Attrs is a set of attribute principal pairs that need to be removed
        from the authenticator.  Remove them and save the authenticator.
        """

        if need_state_lock: self.state_lock.acquire()
        # XXX: should be a no-op
        #if expid in self.state and 'auth' in self.state[expid]:
            #for p, a in self.state[expid]['auth']:
                #self.auth.unset_attribute(p, a)
            #self.state[expid]['auth'] = set()
        if self.state_filename: self.write_state()
        if need_state_lock: self.state_lock.release()
        self.auth.save()


    def create_experiment_state(self, fid, req, expid, expcert,
            state='starting'):
        """
        Create the initial entry in the experiment's state.  The expid and
        expcert are the experiment's fedid and certifacte that represents that
        ID, which are installed in the experiment state.  If the request
        includes a suggested local name that is used if possible.  If the local
        name is already taken by an experiment owned by this user that has
        failed, it is overwritten.  Otherwise new letters are added until a
        valid localname is found.  The generated local name is returned.
        """

        if req.has_key('experimentID') and \
                req['experimentID'].has_key('localname'):
            overwrite = False
            eid = req['experimentID']['localname']
            # If there's an old failed experiment here with the same local name
            # and accessible by this user, we'll overwrite it, otherwise we'll
            # fall through and do the collision avoidance.
            old_expid = self.get_experiment_fedid(eid)
            if old_expid:
                users_experiment = True
                try:
                    self.check_experiment_access(fid, old_expid)
                except service_error, e:
                    if e.code == service_error.access: users_experiment = False
                    else: raise e
                if users_experiment:
                    self.state_lock.acquire()
                    status = self.state[eid].status
                    if status and status == 'failed':
                        # remove the old access attributes
                        self.clear_experiment_authorization(eid,
                                need_state_lock=False)
                        overwrite = True
                        del self.state[eid]
                        del self.state[old_expid]
                    self.state_lock.release()
                else:
                    self.log.info('Experiment %s exists, ' % eid + \
                            'but this user cannot access it')
            self.state_lock.acquire()
            while (self.state.has_key(eid) and not overwrite):
                eid += random.choice(string.ascii_letters)
            # Initial state
            self.state[eid] = experiment_info(fedid=expid, localname=eid, 
                    identity=expcert)
            self.state[expid] = self.state[eid]
            if self.state_filename: self.write_state()
            self.state_lock.release()
        else:
            eid = self.exp_stem
            for i in range(0,5):
                eid += random.choice(string.ascii_letters)
            self.state_lock.acquire()
            while (self.state.has_key(eid)):
                eid = self.exp_stem
                for i in range(0,5):
                    eid += random.choice(string.ascii_letters)
            # Initial state
            self.state[eid] = experiment_info(fedid=expid, localname=eid, 
                    identity=expcert)
            self.state[expid] = self.state[eid]
            if self.state_filename: self.write_state()
            self.state_lock.release()

        # Let users touch the state.  Authorize this fid and the expid itself
        # to touch the experiment, as well as allowing th eoverrides.
        self.append_experiment_authorization(eid, 
                set([(fid, expid), (expid,expid)] + \
                        [ (o, expid) for o in self.overrides]))

        return eid


    def allocate_ips_to_topo(self, top):
        """
        Add an ip4_address attribute to all the hosts in the topology that have
        not already been assigned one by the user, based on the shared
        substrates on which they sit.  An /etc/hosts file is also created and
        returned as a list of hostfiles entries.  We also return the allocator,
        because we may need to allocate IPs to portals
        (specifically DRAGON portals).
        """
        subs = sorted(top.substrates, 
                cmp=lambda x,y: cmp(len(x.interfaces), len(y.interfaces)),
                reverse=True)
        ips = ip_allocator(int(ip_addr("10.0.0.0")), 2 **24)
        ifs = { }
        hosts = [ ]

        assigned = { }
        assigned_subs = set()
        # Look for IP networks that were already assigned to the experiment by
        # the user.  We assume that users are smart in making that assignment,
        # but we check them later.
        for e in top.elements:
            if not isinstance(e, topdl.Computer): continue
            for inf in e.interface:
                a = inf.get_attribute('ip4_address')
                if not a: continue
                for s in inf.substrate:
                    assigned_subs.add(s)
                a = ip_addr(a)
                n = ip_addr(inf.get_attribute('ip4_netmask'))

                sz = 0x100000000 - long(n)
                net = (long(a) & long(n)) & 0xffffffff
                if net in assigned:
                    if sz > assigned[net]: assigned[net] = sz
                assigned[net] = sz

        # XXX: hack attack - always avoid 10.0.23.0 which is special on DETER
        assigned[long(ip_addr('10.0.23.0'))] = 256
        # end of hack

        # Walk all substrates, smallest to largest, assigning IP addresses to
        # the unassigned and checking the assigned.  Build an /etc/hosts file
        # as well.
        for idx, s in enumerate(subs):
            if s.name not in assigned_subs:
                net_size = len(s.interfaces)+2

                # Get an ip allocation for this substrate.  Make sure the
                # allocation does not collide with any user allocations.
                ok = False
                while not ok:
                    a = ips.allocate(net_size)
                    if not a:
                        raise service_error(service_error.req, 
                                "Cannot allocate IP addresses")
                    base, num = a
                    if num < net_size: 
                        raise service_error(service_error.internal,
                                "Allocator returned wrong number of IPs??")
                    # Check for overlap.  An assigned network could contain an
                    # endpoint of the new allocation or the new allocation
                    # could contain an endpoint of an assigned network.
                    # NB the else is attached to the for - if the loop is not
                    # exited by a break, ok = True.
                    for n, sz in assigned.items():
                        if base >= n and base < n + sz:
                            ok = False
                            break
                        if base + num > n and base + num  < n + sz:
                            ok = False
                            break
                        if n >= base and n < base + num:
                            ok = False
                            break
                        if n+sz > base and n+sz < base + num:
                            ok = False
                            break
                    else:
                        ok = True
                            
                mask = ips.min_alloc
                while mask < net_size:
                    mask *= 2

                netmask = ((2**32-1) ^ (mask-1))
            else:
                base = 0

            # Add the attributes and build hosts
            base += 1
            for i in s.interfaces:
                # Add address and masks to interfaces on unassigned substrates
                if s.name not in assigned_subs:
                    i.attribute.append(
                            topdl.Attribute('ip4_address', 
                                "%s" % ip_addr(base)))
                    i.attribute.append(
                            topdl.Attribute('ip4_netmask', 
                                "%s" % ip_addr(int(netmask))))

                # Make /etc/hosts entries
                addr = i.get_attribute('ip4_address')
                if addr is None:
                    raise service_error(service_error.req, 
                            "Partially assigned substrate %s" %s.name)
                hname = i.element.name
                if hname in ifs:
                    hosts.append("%s\t%s-%s %s-%d" % \
                            (addr, hname, s.name, hname, ifs[hname]))
                else:
                    # First IP allocated it the default ip according to hosts,
                    # so the extra alias is here.
                    ifs[hname] = 0
                    hosts.append("%s\t%s-%s %s-%d %s" % \
                            (addr, hname, s.name, hname, ifs[hname], hname))

                ifs[hname] += 1
                base += 1
        return hosts, ips

    def get_access_to_testbeds(self, testbeds, fid, allocated, 
            tbparam, masters, tbmap, expid=None, expcert=None):
        for tb in testbeds:
            self.log.debug('Trying testbed %s' % tb)
            self.get_access(tb, tbparam, fid, masters, tbmap, expid,
                    expcert)
            allocated[tb] = 1
            self.log.debug('Got testbed %s' % tb)

    def get_access(self, tb, tbparam,fid, masters, tbmap, expid=None, 
            expcert=None):
        """
        Get access to testbed through fedd and set the parameters for that tb
        """
        def get_export_project(svcs):
            """
            Look through for the list of federated_service for this testbed
            objects for a project_export service, and extract the project
            parameter.
            """

            pe = [s for s in svcs if s.name=='project_export']
            if len(pe) == 1:
                return pe[0].params.get('project', None)
            elif len(pe) == 0:
                return None
            else:
                raise service_error(service_error.req,
                        "More than one project export is not supported")

        def add_services(svcs, type, slist, keys):
            """
            Add the given services to slist.  type is import or export.  Also
            add a mapping entry from the assigned id to the original service
            record.
            """
            for i, s in enumerate(svcs):
                idx = '%s%d' % (type, i)
                keys[idx] = s
                sr = {'id': idx, 'name': s.name, 'visibility': type }
                if s.params:
                    sr['fedAttr'] = [ { 'attribute': k, 'value': v } \
                            for k, v in s.params.items()]
                slist.append(sr)

        uri = tbmap.get(testbed_base(tb), None)
        if not uri:
            raise service_error(service_error.server_config, 
                    "Unknown testbed: %s" % tb)

        export_svcs = masters.get(tb,[])
        import_svcs = [ s for m in masters.values() \
                for s in m \
                    if tb in s.importers ]

        export_project = get_export_project(export_svcs)
        # Compose the credential list so that IDs come before attributes
        creds = set()
        keys = set()
        certs = self.auth.get_creds_for_principal(fid)
        # Append credenials about this experiment controller - e.g. that it is
        # trusted.
        certs.update(self.auth.get_creds_for_principal(
            fedid(file=self.cert_file)))
        if expid:
            certs.update(self.auth.get_creds_for_principal(expid))
        for c in certs:
            keys.add(c.issuer_cert())
            creds.add(c.attribute_cert())
        creds = list(keys) + list(creds)

        if expcert: cert, pw = expcert, None
        else: cert, pw = self.cert_file, self.cert_pw

        # Request credentials
        req = {
                'abac_credential': creds,
            }
        # Make the service request from the services we're importing and
        # exporting.  Keep track of the export request ids so we can
        # collect the resulting info from the access response.
        e_keys = { }
        if import_svcs or export_svcs:
            slist = []
            add_services(import_svcs, 'import', slist, e_keys)
            add_services(export_svcs, 'export', slist, e_keys)
            req['service'] = slist

        if self.local_access.has_key(uri):
            # Local access call
            req = { 'RequestAccessRequestBody' : req }
            r = self.local_access[uri].RequestAccess(req, 
                    fedid(file=self.cert_file))
            r = { 'RequestAccessResponseBody' : r }
        else:
            r = self.call_RequestAccess(uri, req, cert, pw, self.trusted_certs)

        if r.has_key('RequestAccessResponseBody'):
            # Through to here we have a valid response, not a fault.
            # Access denied is a fault, so something better or worse than
            # access denied has happened.
            r = r['RequestAccessResponseBody']
            self.log.debug("[get_access] Access granted")
        else:
            raise service_error(service_error.protocol,
                        "Bad proxy response")
        if 'proof' not in r:
            raise service_error(service_error.protocol,
                        "Bad access response (no access proof)")

        tbparam[tb] = allocation_info(allocID=r['allocID'].get('fedid', None),
                tb=tb, uri=uri, proof=[r['proof']], 
                services=masters.get(tb, None))

        # Collect the responses corresponding to the services this testbed
        # exports.  These will be the service requests that we will include in
        # the start segment requests (with appropriate visibility values) to
        # import and export the segments.
        for s in r.get('service', []):
            id = s.get('id', None)
            # Note that this attaches the response to the object in the masters
            # data structure.  (The e_keys index disappears when this fcn
            # returns)
            if id and id in e_keys:
                e_keys[id].reqs.append(s)

        # Add attributes to parameter space.  We don't allow attributes to
        # overlay any parameters already installed.
        for a in r.get('fedAttr', []):
            try:
                if a['attribute']:
                    tbparam[tb].set_attribute(a['attribute'], a['value'])
            except KeyError:
                self.log.error("Bad attribute in response: %s" % a)


    def split_topology(self, top, topo, testbeds):
        """
        Create the sub-topologies that are needed for experiment instantiation.
        """
        for tb in testbeds:
            topo[tb] = top.clone()
            # copy in for loop allows deletions from the original
            for e in [ e for e in topo[tb].elements]:
                etb = e.get_attribute('testbed')
                # NB: elements without a testbed attribute won't appear in any
                # sub topologies.  
                if not etb or etb != tb:
                    for i in e.interface:
                        for s in i.subs:
                            try:
                                s.interfaces.remove(i)
                            except ValueError:
                                raise service_error(service_error.internal,
                                        "Can't remove interface??")
                    topo[tb].elements.remove(e)
            topo[tb].make_indices()

    def confirm_software(self, top):
        """
        Make sure that the software to be loaded in the topo is all available
        before we begin making access requests, etc.  This is a subset of
        wrangle_software.
        """
        pkgs = set([ d for i, d in self.fedkit + self.gatewaykit ])
        pkgs.update([x.location for e in top.elements for x in e.software])

        for pkg in pkgs:
            loc = pkg

            scheme, host, path = urlparse(loc)[0:3]
            dest = os.path.basename(path)
            if not scheme:
                if not loc.startswith('/'):
                    loc = "/%s" % loc
                loc = "file://%s" %loc
            # NB: if scheme was found, loc == pkg
            try:
                u = urlopen(loc)
                u.close()
            except Exception, e:
                raise service_error(service_error.req, 
                        "Cannot open %s: %s" % (loc, e))
        return True

    def wrangle_software(self, expid, top, topo, tbparams):
        """
        Copy software out to the repository directory, allocate permissions and
        rewrite the segment topologies to look for the software in local
        places.
        """

        # Copy the rpms and tarfiles to a distribution directory from
        # which the federants can retrieve them
        linkpath = "%s/software" %  expid
        softdir ="%s/%s" % ( self.repodir, linkpath)
        softmap = { }

        # self.fedkit and self.gateway kit are lists of tuples of
        # (install_location, download_location) this extracts the download
        # locations.
        pkgs = set([ d for i, d in self.fedkit + self.gatewaykit ])
        pkgs.update([x.location for e in top.elements for x in e.software])
        try:
            os.makedirs(softdir)
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            raise service_error(
                    "Cannot create software directory: %s" % e)
        # The actual copying.  Everything's converted into a url for copying.
        auth_attrs = set()
        for pkg in pkgs:
            loc = pkg

            scheme, host, path = urlparse(loc)[0:3]
            dest = os.path.basename(path)
            if not scheme:
                if not loc.startswith('/'):
                    loc = "/%s" % loc
                loc = "file://%s" %loc
            # NB: if scheme was found, loc == pkg
            try:
                u = urlopen(loc)
            except Exception, e:
                raise service_error(service_error.req, 
                        "Cannot open %s: %s" % (loc, e))
            try:
                f = open("%s/%s" % (softdir, dest) , "w")
                self.log.debug("Writing %s/%s" % (softdir,dest) )
                data = u.read(4096)
                while data:
                    f.write(data)
                    data = u.read(4096)
                f.close()
                u.close()
            except Exception, e:
                raise service_error(service_error.internal,
                        "Could not copy %s: %s" % (loc, e))
            path = re.sub("/tmp", "", linkpath)
            # XXX
            softmap[pkg] = \
                    "%s/%s/%s" %\
                    ( self.repo_url, path, dest)

            # Allow the individual segments to access the software by assigning
            # an attribute to each testbed allocation that encodes the data to
            # be released.  This expression collects the data for each run of
            # the loop.
            auth_attrs.update([
                (tbparams[tb].allocID, "/%s/%s" % ( path, dest)) \
                        for tb in tbparams.keys()])

        self.append_experiment_authorization(expid, auth_attrs)

        # Convert the software locations in the segments into the local
        # copies on this host
        for soft in [ s for tb in topo.values() \
                for e in tb.elements \
                    if getattr(e, 'software', False) \
                        for s in e.software ]:
            if softmap.has_key(soft.location):
                soft.location = softmap[soft.location]


    def new_experiment(self, req, fid):
        """
        The external interface to empty initial experiment creation called from
        the dispatcher.

        Creates a working directory, splits the incoming description using the
        splitter script and parses out the avrious subsections using the
        lcasses above.  Once each sub-experiment is created, use pooled threads
        to instantiate them and start it all up.
        """
        self.log.info("New experiment call started for %s" % fid)
        req = req.get('NewRequestBody', None)
        if not req:
            raise service_error(service_error.req,
                    "Bad request format (no NewRequestBody)")

        # import may partially succeed so always save credentials and warn
        if not self.auth.import_credentials(data_list=req.get('credential', [])):
            self.log.debug("Failed to import delegation credentials(!)")
        self.get_grouper_updates(fid)
        self.auth.update()
        self.auth.save()

        try:
            access_ok, proof = self.auth.check_attribute(fid, 'new', 
                    with_proof=True)
        except service_error, e:
            self.log.info("New experiment call for %s: access denied" % fid)
            raise e


        if not access_ok:
            self.log.info("New experiment call for %s: Access denied" % fid)
            raise service_error(service_error.access, "New access denied",
                    proof=[proof])

        try:
            tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="split-")
        except EnvironmentError:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal, "Cannot create tmp dir")

        # Generate an ID for the experiment (slice) and a certificate that the
        # allocator can use to prove they own it.  We'll ship it back through
        # the encrypted connection.  If the requester supplied one, use it.
        if 'experimentAccess' in req and 'X509' in req['experimentAccess']:
            expcert = req['experimentAccess']['X509']
            expid = fedid(certstr=expcert)
            self.state_lock.acquire()
            if expid in self.state:
                self.state_lock.release()
                raise service_error(service_error.req, 
                        'fedid %s identifies an existing experiment' % expid)
            self.state_lock.release()
        else:
            (expid, expcert) = generate_fedid("test", dir=tmpdir, log=self.log)

        #now we're done with the tmpdir, and it should be empty
        if self.cleanup:
            self.log.debug("[new_experiment]: removing %s" % tmpdir)
            os.rmdir(tmpdir)
        else:
            self.log.debug("[new_experiment]: not removing %s" % tmpdir)

        eid = self.create_experiment_state(fid, req, expid, expcert, 
                state='empty')

        rv = {
                'experimentID': [
                    {'localname' : eid }, { 'fedid': copy.copy(expid) }
                ],
                'experimentStatus': 'empty',
                'experimentAccess': { 'X509' : expcert },
                'proof': proof.to_dict(),
            }

        self.log.info("New experiment call succeeded for %s" % fid)
        return rv

    # create_experiment sub-functions 

    @staticmethod
    def get_experiment_key(req, field='experimentID'):
        """
        Parse the experiment identifiers out of the request (the request body
        tag has been removed).  Specifically this pulls either the fedid or the
        localname out of the experimentID field.  A fedid is preferred.  If
        neither is present or the request does not contain the fields,
        service_errors are raised.
        """
        # Get the experiment access
        exp = req.get(field, None)
        if exp:
            if exp.has_key('fedid'):
                key = exp['fedid']
            elif exp.has_key('localname'):
                key = exp['localname']
            else:
                raise service_error(service_error.req, "Unknown lookup type")
        else:
            raise service_error(service_error.req, "No request?")

        return key

    def get_experiment_ids_and_start(self, key, tmpdir):
        """
        Get the experiment name, id and access certificate from the state, and
        set the experiment state to 'starting'.  returns a triple (fedid,
        localname, access_cert_file). The access_cert_file is a copy of the
        contents of the access certificate, created in the tempdir with
        restricted permissions.  If things are confused, raise an exception.
        """

        expid = eid = None
        self.state_lock.acquire()
        if key in self.state:
            exp = self.state[key]
            exp.status = "starting"
            exp.updated()
            expid = exp.fedid
            eid = exp.localname
            expcert = exp.identity
        self.state_lock.release()

        # make a protected copy of the access certificate so the experiment
        # controller can act as the experiment principal.
        if expcert:
            expcert_file = self.make_temp_certfile(expcert, tmpdir)
            if not expcert_file:
                raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                        "Cannot create temp cert file?")
        else:
            expcert_file = None

        return (eid, expid, expcert_file)

    def get_topology(self, req, tmpdir):
        """
        Get the ns2 content and put it into a file for parsing.  Call the local
        or remote parser and return the topdl.Topology.  Errors result in
        exceptions.  req is the request and tmpdir is a work directory.
        """

        # The tcl parser needs to read a file so put the content into that file
        descr=req.get('experimentdescription', None)
        if descr:
            if 'ns2description' in descr:
                file_content=descr['ns2description']
            elif 'topdldescription' in descr:
                return topdl.Topology(**descr['topdldescription'])
            else:
                raise service_error(service_error.req, 
                        'Unknown experiment description type')
        else:
            raise service_error(service_error.req, "No experiment description")


        if self.splitter_url:
            self.log.debug("Calling remote topdl translator at %s" % \
                    self.splitter_url)
            top = self.remote_ns2topdl(self.splitter_url, file_content)
        else:
            tclfile = os.path.join(tmpdir, "experiment.tcl")
            if file_content:
                try:
                    f = open(tclfile, 'w')
                    f.write(file_content)
                    f.close()
                except EnvironmentError:
                    raise service_error(service_error.internal,
                            "Cannot write temp experiment description")
            else:
                raise service_error(service_error.req, 
                        "Only ns2descriptions supported")
            pid = "dummy"
            gid = "dummy"
            eid = "dummy"

            tclcmd = [self.tclsh, self.tcl_splitter, '-t', '-x', 
                str(self.muxmax), '-m', 'dummy']

            tclcmd.extend([pid, gid, eid, tclfile])

            self.log.debug("running local splitter %s", " ".join(tclcmd))
            # This is just fantastic.  As a side effect the parser copies
            # tb_compat.tcl into the current directory, so that directory
            # must be writable by the fedd user.  Doing this in the
            # temporary subdir ensures this is the case.
            tclparser = Popen(tclcmd, stdout=PIPE, stderr=PIPE, close_fds=True, 
                    cwd=tmpdir)
            split_data, err_data = tclparser.communicate()

            if tclparser.returncode != 0:
                os.remove(tclfile)
                raise service_error(service_error.req, 
                        "Cannot parse input ns2: %s" % err_data)

            top = topdl.topology_from_xml(string=split_data, top="experiment")
            os.remove(tclfile)

        return top

    def get_testbed_services(self, req, testbeds):
        """
        Parse the services section of the request into two dicts mapping
        testbed to lists of federated_service objects.  The first dict maps all
        exporters of services to those service objects, the second maps
        testbeds to service objects only for services requiring portals.
        """

        # Sanity check the services.  Exports or imports from unknown testbeds
        # cause an exception.
        for s in req.get('service', []):
            for t in s.get('import', []):
                if t not in testbeds:
                    raise service_error(service_error.req, 
                            'Service import to unknown testbed: %s' %t)
            for t in s.get('export', []):
                if t not in testbeds:
                    raise service_error(service_error.req, 
                            'Service export from unknown testbed: %s' %t)


        # We construct both dicts here because deriving the second is more
        # complex than it looks - both the keys and lists can differ, and it's
        # much easier to generate both in one pass.
        masters = { }
        pmasters = { }
        for s in req.get('service', []):
            # If this is a service request with the importall field
            # set, fill it out.

            if s.get('importall', False):
                s['import'] = [ tb for tb in testbeds \
                        if tb not in s.get('export',[])]
                del s['importall']

            # Add the service to masters
            for tb in s.get('export', []):
                if s.get('name', None):

                    params = { }
                    for a in s.get('fedAttr', []):
                        params[a.get('attribute', '')] = a.get('value','')

                    fser = federated_service(name=s['name'],
                            exporter=tb, importers=s.get('import',[]),
                            params=params)
                    if fser.name == 'hide_hosts' \
                            and 'hosts' not in fser.params:
                        fser.params['hosts'] = \
                                ",".join(tb_hosts.get(fser.exporter, []))
                    if tb in masters: masters[tb].append(fser)
                    else: masters[tb] = [fser]

                    if fser.portal:
                        if tb in pmasters: pmasters[tb].append(fser)
                        else: pmasters[tb] = [fser]
                else:
                    self.log.error('Testbed service does not have name " + \
                            "and importers')
        return masters, pmasters

    def generate_keys_and_hosts(self, tmpdir, expid, hosts, tbparams):
        """
        Create the ssh keys necessary for interconnecting the portal nodes and
        the global hosts file for letting each segment know about the IP
        addresses in play.  If we have computed static routes, copy them into
        the repo. Save these into the repo.  Add attributes to the autorizer
        allowing access controllers to download them and return a set of
        attributes that inform the segments where to find this stuff.  May
        raise service_errors in if there are problems.
        """
        gw_pubkey_base = "fedgw_%s.pub" % self.ssh_type
        gw_secretkey_base = "fedgw_%s" % self.ssh_type
        keydir = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'keys')
        gw_pubkey = os.path.join(keydir, gw_pubkey_base)
        gw_secretkey = os.path.join(keydir, gw_secretkey_base)
        route = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'route.tgz')

        try:
            self.generate_ssh_keys(gw_secretkey, self.ssh_type)
        except ValueError:
            raise service_error(service_error.server_config, 
                    "Bad key type (%s)" % self.ssh_type)

        self.generate_seer_certs(keydir)

        # Copy configuration files into the remote file store
        # The config urlpath
        configpath = "/%s/config" % expid
        # The config file system location
        configdir ="%s%s" % ( self.repodir, configpath)
        route_conf = os.path.join(configdir, 'route.tgz')
        try:
            os.makedirs(configdir)
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal,
                    "Cannot create config directory: %s" % e)
        try:
            f = open("%s/hosts" % configdir, "w")
            print >> f, string.join(hosts, '\n')
            f.close()
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                    "Cannot write hosts file: %s" % e)
        try:
            if os.path.exists(route):
                copy_file(route, route_conf)

            copy_file(gw_pubkey, os.path.join(configdir, gw_pubkey_base))
            copy_file(gw_secretkey, os.path.join(configdir, gw_secretkey_base))
            copy_file(os.path.join(keydir, 'ca.pem'), 
                    os.path.join(configdir, 'ca.pem'))
            copy_file(os.path.join(keydir, 'node.pem'), 
                    os.path.join(configdir, 'node.pem'))
        except EnvironmentError, e:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                    "Cannot copy keyfiles: %s" % e)

        # Allow the individual testbeds to access the configuration files,
        # again by setting an attribute for the relevant pathnames on each
        # allocation principal.  Yeah, that's a long list comprehension.
        self.append_experiment_authorization(expid, set([
            (tbparams[tb].allocID, "%s/%s" % (configpath, f)) \
                    for tb in tbparams.keys() \
                        for f in ("hosts", 'ca.pem', 'node.pem', 'route.tgz',
                            gw_secretkey_base, gw_pubkey_base)]))

        attrs = [ 
                {
                    'attribute': 'ssh_pubkey', 
                    'value': '%s/%s/config/%s' % \
                            (self.repo_url, expid, gw_pubkey_base)
                },
                {
                    'attribute': 'ssh_secretkey', 
                    'value': '%s/%s/config/%s' % \
                            (self.repo_url, expid, gw_secretkey_base)
                },
                {
                    'attribute': 'hosts', 
                    'value': '%s/%s/config/hosts' % \
                            (self.repo_url, expid)
                },
                {
                    'attribute': 'seer_ca_pem', 
                    'value': '%s/%s/config/%s' % \
                            (self.repo_url, expid, 'ca.pem')
                },
                {
                    'attribute': 'seer_node_pem', 
                    'value': '%s/%s/config/%s' % \
                            (self.repo_url, expid, 'node.pem')
                },
            ]
        # Add info about static routes if we have some
        if os.path.exists(route_conf):
            attrs.append(
                {
                    'attribute': 'route.tgz', 
                    'value': '%s/%s/config/%s' % \
                            (self.repo_url, expid, 'route.tgz')
                }
            )
        return attrs


    def get_vtopo(self, req, fid):
        """
        Return the stored virtual topology for this experiment
        """
        rv = None
        state = None
        self.log.info("vtopo call started for %s" %  fid)

        req = req.get('VtopoRequestBody', None)
        if not req:
            raise service_error(service_error.req,
                    "Bad request format (no VtopoRequestBody)")
        exp = req.get('experiment', None)
        if exp:
            if exp.has_key('fedid'):
                key = exp['fedid']
                keytype = "fedid"
            elif exp.has_key('localname'):
                key = exp['localname']
                keytype = "localname"
            else:
                raise service_error(service_error.req, "Unknown lookup type")
        else:
            raise service_error(service_error.req, "No request?")

        try:
            proof = self.check_experiment_access(fid, key)
        except service_error, e:
            self.log.info("vtopo call failed for %s: access denied" %  fid)
            raise e

        self.state_lock.acquire()
        # XXX: this needs to be recalculated
        if key in self.state:
            if self.state[key].top is not None:
                vtopo = topdl.topology_to_vtopo(self.state[key].top)
                rv = { 'experiment' : {keytype: key },
                        'vtopo': vtopo,
                        'proof': proof.to_dict(), 
                    }
            else:
                state = self.state[key].status
        self.state_lock.release()

        if rv: 
            self.log.info("vtopo call completed for %s %s " % \
                (key, fid))
            return rv
        else: 
            if state:
                self.log.info("vtopo call completed for %s %s (Not ready)" % \
                    (key, fid))
                raise service_error(service_error.partial, 
                        "Not ready: %s" % state)
            else:
                self.log.info("vtopo call completed for %s %s (No experiment)"\
                        % (key, fid))
                raise service_error(service_error.req, "No such experiment")

    def get_vis(self, req, fid):
        """
        Return the stored visualization for this experiment
        """
        rv = None
        state = None

        self.log.info("vis call started for %s" %  fid)
        req = req.get('VisRequestBody', None)
        if not req:
            raise service_error(service_error.req,
                    "Bad request format (no VisRequestBody)")
        exp = req.get('experiment', None)
        if exp:
            if exp.has_key('fedid'):
                key = exp['fedid']
                keytype = "fedid"
            elif exp.has_key('localname'):
                key = exp['localname']
                keytype = "localname"
            else:
                raise service_error(service_error.req, "Unknown lookup type")
        else:
            raise service_error(service_error.req, "No request?")

        try:
            proof = self.check_experiment_access(fid, key)
        except service_error, e:
            self.log.info("vis call failed for %s: access denied" %  fid)
            raise e

        self.state_lock.acquire()
        # Generate the visualization
        if key in self.state:
            if self.state[key].top is not None:
                try:
                    vis = self.genviz(
                            topdl.topology_to_vtopo(self.state[key].top))
                except service_error, e:
                    self.state_lock.release()
                    raise e
                rv =  { 'experiment' : {keytype: key },
                        'vis': vis,
                        'proof': proof.to_dict(), 
                        }
            else:
                state = self.state[key].status
        self.state_lock.release()

        if rv: 
            self.log.info("vis call completed for %s %s " % \
                (key, fid))
            return rv
        else:
            if state:
                self.log.info("vis call completed for %s %s (not ready)" % \
                    (key, fid))
                raise service_error(service_error.partial, 
                        "Not ready: %s" % state)
            else:
                self.log.info("vis call completed for %s %s (no experiment)" % \
                    (key, fid))
                raise service_error(service_error.req, "No such experiment")

    @staticmethod
    def needs_route_computation(req):
        '''
        Walk the request services looking for a static routing request
        '''
        for s in req.get('service', []):
            if s.get('name', '') == 'static_routing':
                return True
        return False

    def compute_static_routes(self, tmpdir, top):
        '''
        Compute a set of static routes for the topology.  The result is a file
        called route.tgz in tmpdir that contains a dinrectory, route, with a
        file per node in the topology that lists the prefix and router for all
        the routes in that node's routing table.  Exceptions from the route
        calculation program and the tar creation call are not caught.
        '''
        if self.routing is None:
            raise service_error(service_error.server, 
                    'Cannot provide staticroutes, no routing program specified')
        rg = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile()
        outdir = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'route')
        tarfile = os.path.join(tmpdir, 'route.tgz')
        topology_to_route_file(top, file=rg)
        os.mkdir(outdir)
        try:
            for cmd in (
                    [self.routing, '--input', rg.name,'--output', outdir],
                    ['tar', '-C', tmpdir, '-czf', tarfile, 'route']):
                subprocess.check_call(cmd)
        except subprocess.CalledProcessError, e:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                    'Cannot call %s: %s' % (' '.join(cmd), e.returncode))
        rg.close()
        shutil.rmtree(outdir)


    
    def save_federant_information(self, allocated, tbparams, eid, top):
        """
        Store the various data that have changed in the experiment state
        between when it was started and the beginning of resource allocation.
        This is basically the information about each local allocation.  This
        fills in the values of the placeholder allocation in the state.  It
        also collects the access proofs and returns them as dicts for a
        response message.
        """
        self.state_lock.acquire()
        exp = self.state[eid]
        exp.top = top.clone()
        # save federant information
        for k in allocated.keys():
            exp.add_allocation(tbparams[k])
            top.elements.append(topdl.Testbed(uri=tbparams[k].uri,
                type="testbed", localname=[k], 
                service=[ s.to_topdl() for s in tbparams[k].services]))

        # Access proofs for the response message
        proofs = [copy.deepcopy(p) for k in tbparams.keys()\
                    for p in tbparams[k].proof]
        exp.updated()
        if self.state_filename: 
            self.write_state()
        self.state_lock.release()
        return proofs

    def clear_placeholder(self, eid, expid, tmpdir):
        """
        Clear the placeholder and remove any allocated temporary dir.
        """

        self.state_lock.acquire()
        del self.state[eid]
        del self.state[expid]
        if self.state_filename: self.write_state()
        self.state_lock.release()
        if tmpdir and self.cleanup:
            self.remove_dirs(tmpdir)

    # end of create_experiment sub-functions

    def create_experiment(self, req, fid):
        """
        The external interface to experiment creation called from the
        dispatcher.

        Creates a working directory, splits the incoming description using the
        splitter script and parses out the various subsections using the
        classes above.  Once each sub-experiment is created, use pooled threads
        to instantiate them and start it all up.
        """

        self.log.info("Create experiment call started for %s" % fid)
        req = req.get('CreateRequestBody', None)
        if req:
            key = self.get_experiment_key(req)
        else:
            raise service_error(service_error.req,
                    "Bad request format (no CreateRequestBody)")

        # Import information from the requester
        # import may partially succeed so always save credentials and warn
        if not self.auth.import_credentials(data_list=req.get('credential',[])):
            self.log.debug("Failed to import delegation credentials(!)")
        self.get_grouper_updates(fid)
        self.auth.update()
        self.auth.save()

        try:
            # Make sure that the caller can talk to us
            proof = self.check_experiment_access(fid, key)
        except service_error, e:
            self.log.info("Create experiment call failed for %s: access denied"\
                    % fid)
            raise e


        # Install the testbed map entries supplied with the request into a copy
        # of the testbed map.
        tbmap = dict(self.tbmap)
        for m in req.get('testbedmap', []):
            if 'testbed' in m and 'uri' in m:
                tbmap[m['testbed']] = m['uri']

        # a place to work
        try:
            tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="split-")
            os.mkdir(tmpdir+"/keys")
        except EnvironmentError:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal, "Cannot create tmp dir")

        tbparams = { }

        eid, expid, expcert_file = \
                self.get_experiment_ids_and_start(key, tmpdir)

        # This catches exceptions to clear the placeholder if necessary
        try: 
            if not (eid and expid):
                raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                        "Cannot find local experiment info!?")

            top = self.get_topology(req, tmpdir)
            self.confirm_software(top)
            # Assign the IPs
            hosts, ip_allocator = self.allocate_ips_to_topo(top)
            if self.needs_route_computation(req):
                self.compute_static_routes(tmpdir, top)
            # Find the testbeds to look up
            tb_hosts = { }
            testbeds = [ ]
            for e in top.elements:
                if isinstance(e, topdl.Computer):
                    tb = e.get_attribute('testbed')
                    # Put nodes not in a testbed into the default testbed if
                    # there is one.
                    if tb is None:
                        if self.default_tb is None:
                            raise service_error(service_error.req, 
                                '%s not in a testbed (and no default)' % e.name)
                        tb = self.default_tb
                        e.set_attribute('testbed', tb)
                    if tb in tb_hosts: tb_hosts[tb].append(e.name)
                    else: 
                        tb_hosts[tb] = [ e.name ]
                        testbeds.append(tb)

            masters, pmasters = self.get_testbed_services(req, testbeds)
            allocated = { }         # Testbeds we can access
            topo ={ }               # Sub topologies
            connInfo = { }          # Connection information

            self.get_access_to_testbeds(testbeds, fid, allocated, 
                    tbparams, masters, tbmap, expid, expcert_file)

            # tbactive is the set of testbeds that have NATs in front of their
            # portals. They need to initiate connections.
            tbactive = set([k for k, v in tbparams.items() \
                    if v.get_attribute('nat_portals')])

            self.split_topology(top, topo, testbeds)

            attrs = self.generate_keys_and_hosts(tmpdir, expid, hosts, tbparams)

            part = experiment_partition(self.auth, self.store_url, tbmap,
                    self.muxmax, self.direct_transit, tbactive)
            part.add_portals(top, topo, eid, pmasters, tbparams, ip_allocator,
                    connInfo, expid)

            auth_attrs = set()
            # Now get access to the dynamic testbeds (those added above)
            for tb in [ t for t in topo if t not in allocated]:
                self.get_access(tb, tbparams, fid, masters, tbmap, 
                        expid, expcert_file)
                allocated[tb] = 1
                store_keys = topo[tb].get_attribute('store_keys')
                # Give the testbed access to keys it exports or imports
                if store_keys:
                    auth_attrs.update(set([
                        (tbparams[tb].allocID, sk) \
                                for sk in store_keys.split(" ")]))

            if auth_attrs:
                self.append_experiment_authorization(expid, auth_attrs)

            # transit and disconnected testbeds may not have a connInfo entry.
            # Fill in the blanks.
            for t in allocated.keys():
                if not connInfo.has_key(t):
                    connInfo[t] = { }

            self.wrangle_software(expid, top, topo, tbparams)

            proofs = self.save_federant_information(allocated, tbparams, 
                    eid, top)
        except service_error, e:
            # If something goes wrong in the parse (usually an access error)
            # clear the placeholder state.  From here on out the code delays
            # exceptions.  Failing at this point returns a fault to the remote
            # caller. 

            self.log.info("Create experiment call failed for %s %s: %s" % 
                    (eid, fid, e))
            self.clear_placeholder(eid, expid, tmpdir)
            raise e

        # Start the background swapper and return the starting state.  From
        # here on out, the state will stick around a while.

        # Create a logger that logs to the experiment's state object as well as
        # to the main log file.
        alloc_log = logging.getLogger('fedd.experiment_control.%s' % eid)
        alloc_collector = self.list_log(self.state[eid].log)
        h = logging.StreamHandler(alloc_collector)
        # XXX: there should be a global one of these rather than repeating the
        # code.
        h.setFormatter(logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(name)s %(message)s",
                    '%d %b %y %H:%M:%S'))
        alloc_log.addHandler(h)

        # Start a thread to do the resource allocation
        t  = Thread(target=self.allocate_resources,
                args=(allocated, masters, eid, expid, tbparams, 
                    top, topo, tmpdir, alloc_log, alloc_collector, attrs,
                    connInfo, tbmap, expcert_file),
                name=eid)
        t.start()

        rv = {
                'experimentID': [
                    {'localname' : eid }, { 'fedid': copy.copy(expid) }
                ],
                'experimentStatus': 'starting',
                'proof': [ proof.to_dict() ] + proofs,
            }
        self.log.info("Create experiment call succeeded for %s %s" % \
                (eid, fid))

        return rv
    
    def get_experiment_fedid(self, key):
        """
        find the fedid associated with the localname key in the state database.
        """

        rv = None
        self.state_lock.acquire()
        if key in self.state:
            rv = self.state[key].fedid
        self.state_lock.release()
        return rv

    def check_experiment_access(self, fid, key):
        """
        Confirm that the fid has access to the experiment.  Though a request
        may be made in terms of a local name, the access attribute is always
        the experiment's fedid.
        """
        if not isinstance(key, fedid):
            key = self.get_experiment_fedid(key)

        access_ok, proof = self.auth.check_attribute(fid, key, with_proof=True)

        if access_ok:
            return proof
        else:
            raise service_error(service_error.access, "Access Denied",
                proof)


    def get_handler(self, path, fid):
        """
        Perhaps surprisingly named, this function handles HTTP GET requests to
        this server (SOAP requests are POSTs).
        """
        self.log.info("Get handler %s %s" % (path, fid))
        if len("%s" % fid) == 0:
            return (None, None)
        # XXX: log proofs?
        if self.auth.check_attribute(fid, path):
            return ("%s/%s" % (self.repodir, path), "application/binary")
        else:
            return (None, None)

    def update_info(self, key, force=False):
        top = None
        self.state_lock.acquire()
        if key in self.state:
            if force or self.state[key].older_than(self.info_cache_limit):
                top = self.state[key].top
                if top is not None: top = top.clone()
                d1, info_params, cert, d2 = \
                        self.get_segment_info(self.state[key], need_lock=False)
        self.state_lock.release()

        if top is None: return

        try:
            tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="info-")
        except EnvironmentError:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                    "Cannot create tmp dir")
        cert_file = self.make_temp_certfile(cert, tmpdir)

        data = []
        try:
            for k, (uri, aid) in info_params.items():
                info=self.info_segment(log=self.log, testbed=uri,
                            cert_file=cert_file, cert_pwd=None,
                            trusted_certs=self.trusted_certs,
                            caller=self.call_InfoSegment)
                info(uri, aid)
                data.append(info)
        # Clean up the tmpdir no matter what
        finally:
            if tmpdir: self.remove_dirs(tmpdir)

        self.annotate_topology(top, data)
        self.state_lock.acquire()
        if key in self.state:
            self.state[key].top = top
            self.state[key].updated()
            if self.state_filename: self.write_state()
        self.state_lock.release()

    
    def get_info(self, req, fid):
        """
        Return all the stored info about this experiment
        """
        rv = None

        self.log.info("Info call started for %s" %  fid)
        req = req.get('InfoRequestBody', None)
        if not req:
            raise service_error(service_error.req,
                    "Bad request format (no InfoRequestBody)")
        exp = req.get('experiment', None)
        legacy = req.get('legacy', False)
        fresh = req.get('fresh', False)
        if exp:
            if exp.has_key('fedid'):
                key = exp['fedid']
                keytype = "fedid"
            elif exp.has_key('localname'):
                key = exp['localname']
                keytype = "localname"
            else:
                raise service_error(service_error.req, "Unknown lookup type")
        else:
            raise service_error(service_error.req, "No request?")

        try:
            proof = self.check_experiment_access(fid, key)
        except service_error, e:
            self.log.info("Info call failed for %s: access denied" %  fid)


        self.update_info(key, fresh)

        self.state_lock.acquire()
        if self.state.has_key(key):
            rv = self.state[key].get_info()
            # Copy the topo if we need legacy annotations
            if legacy:
                top = self.state[key].top
                if top is not None: top = top.clone()
        self.state_lock.release()
        self.log.info("Gathered Info for %s %s" % (key, fid))

        # If the legacy visualization and topology representations are
        # requested, calculate them and add them to the return.
        if legacy and rv is not None:
            self.log.info("Generating legacy Info for %s %s" % (key, fid))
            if top is not None:
                vtopo = topdl.topology_to_vtopo(top)
                if vtopo is not None:
                    rv['vtopo'] = vtopo
                    try:
                        vis = self.genviz(vtopo)
                    except service_error, e:
                        self.log.debug('Problem generating visualization: %s' \
                                % e)
                        vis = None
                    if vis is not None:
                        rv['vis'] = vis
        if rv:
            self.log.info("Info succeded for %s %s" % (key, fid))
            rv['proof'] = proof.to_dict()
            return rv
        else: 
            self.log.info("Info failed for %s %s: no experiment" % (key, fid))
            raise service_error(service_error.req, "No such experiment")

    def operate_on_segments(self, op_params, cert, op, testbeds, params, 
            results):
        """
        Call OperateSegment on multiple testbeds and gather the results.
        op_params contains the parameters needed to contact that testbed, cert
        is a certificate containing the fedid to use, op is the operation,
        testbeds is a dict mapping testbed name to targets in that testbed,
        params are the parameters to include a,d results is a growing list of
        the results of the calls.
        """
        try:
            tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="info-")
        except EnvironmentError:
            raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                    "Cannot create tmp dir")
        cert_file = self.make_temp_certfile(cert, tmpdir)

        try:
            for tb, targets in testbeds.items():
                if tb in op_params:
                    uri, aid = op_params[tb]
                    operate=self.operation_segment(log=self.log, testbed=uri,
                                cert_file=cert_file, cert_pwd=None,
                                trusted_certs=self.trusted_certs,
                                caller=self.call_OperationSegment)
                    if operate(uri, aid, op, targets, params):
                        if operate.status is not None:
                            results.extend(operate.status)
                            continue
                # Something went wrong in a weird way.  Add statuses 
                # that reflect that to results
                for t in targets:
                    results.append(operation_status(t, 
                        operation_status.federant,
                        'Unexpected error on %s' % tb))
        # Clean up the tmpdir no matter what
        finally:
            if tmpdir: self.remove_dirs(tmpdir)

    def do_operation(self, req, fid):
        """
        Find the testbeds holding each target and ask them to carry out the
        operation.  Return the statuses.
        """
        # Map an element to the testbed containing it
        def element_to_tb(e):
            if isinstance(e, topdl.Computer): return e.get_attribute("testbed")
            elif isinstance(e, topdl.Testbed): return e.name
            else: return None
        # If d is an operation_status object, make it a dict
        def make_dict(d):
            if isinstance(d, dict): return d
            elif isinstance(d, operation_status): return d.to_dict()
            else: return { }

        def element_name(e):
            if isinstance(e, topdl.Computer): return e.name
            elif isinstance(e, topdl.Testbed): 
                if e.localname: return e.localname[0]
                else: return None
            else: return None

        self.log.info("Operation call started for %s" %  fid)
        req = req.get('OperationRequestBody', None)
        if not req:
            raise service_error(service_error.req,
                    "Bad request format (no OperationRequestBody)")
        exp = req.get('experiment', None)
        op = req.get('operation', None)
        targets = set(req.get('target', []))
        params = req.get('parameter', None)

        if exp:
            if 'fedid' in exp:
                key = exp['fedid']
                keytype = "fedid"
            elif 'localname' in exp:
                key = exp['localname']
                keytype = "localname"
            else:
                raise service_error(service_error.req, "Unknown lookup type")
        else:
            raise service_error(service_error.req, "No request?")

        if op is None or not targets:
            raise service_error(service_error.req, "No request?")

        try:
            proof = self.check_experiment_access(fid, key)
        except service_error, e:
            self.log.info("Operation call failed for %s: access denied" %  fid)
            raise e

        self.state_lock.acquire()
        if key in self.state:
            d1, op_params, cert, d2 = \
                    self.get_segment_info(self.state[key], need_lock=False,
                            key='tb')
            top = self.state[key].top
            if top is not None:
                top = top.clone()
        self.state_lock.release()

        if top is None:
            self.log.info("Operation call failed for %s: not active" %  fid)
            raise service_error(service_error.partial, "No topology yet", 
                    proof=proof)

        testbeds = { }
        results = []
        for e in top.elements:
            ename = element_name(e)
            if ename in targets:
                tb = element_to_tb(e)
                targets.remove(ename)
                if tb is not None:
                    if tb in testbeds: testbeds[tb].append(ename)
                    else: testbeds[tb] = [ ename ]
                else:
                    results.append(operation_status(e.name, 
                        code=operation_status.no_target, 
                        description='Cannot map target to testbed'))

        for t in targets:
            results.append(operation_status(t, operation_status.no_target))

        self.operate_on_segments(op_params, cert, op, testbeds, params,
                results)

        self.log.info("Operation call succeeded for %s" %  fid)
        return { 
                'experiment': exp, 
                'status': [make_dict(r) for r in results],
                'proof': proof.to_dict()
                }


    def get_multi_info(self, req, fid):
        """
        Return all the stored info that this fedid can access
        """
        rv = { 'info': [ ], 'proof': [ ] }

        self.log.info("Multi Info call started for %s" %  fid)
        self.get_grouper_updates(fid)
        self.auth.update()
        self.auth.save()
        self.state_lock.acquire()
        for key in [ k for k in self.state.keys() if isinstance(k, fedid)]:
            try:
                proof = self.check_experiment_access(fid, key)
            except service_error, e:
                if e.code == service_error.access:
                    continue
                else:
                    self.log.info("Multi Info call failed for %s: %s" %  \
                            (e,fid))
                    self.state_lock.release()
                    raise e

            if self.state.has_key(key):
                e = self.state[key].get_info()
                e['proof'] = proof.to_dict()
                rv['info'].append(e)
                rv['proof'].append(proof.to_dict())
        self.state_lock.release()
        self.log.info("Multi Info call succeeded for %s" %  fid)
        return rv

    def check_termination_status(self, fed_exp, force):
        """
        Confirm that the experiment is sin a valid state to stop (or force it)
        return the state - invalid states for deletion and force settings cause
        exceptions.
        """
        self.state_lock.acquire()
        status = fed_exp.status

        if status:
            if status in ('starting', 'terminating'):
                if not force:
                    self.state_lock.release()
                    raise service_error(service_error.partial, 
                            'Experiment still being created or destroyed')
                else:
                    self.log.warning('Experiment in %s state ' % status + \
                            'being terminated by force.')
            self.state_lock.release()
            return status
        else:
            # No status??? trouble
            self.state_lock.release()
            raise service_error(service_error.internal,
                    "Experiment has no status!?")

    def get_segment_info(self, fed_exp, need_lock=True, key='aid'):
        ids = []
        term_params = { }
        if need_lock: self.state_lock.acquire()
        ids = [ x for x in (fed_exp.localname, fed_exp.fedid) if x is not None ]
        expcert = fed_exp.identity
        repo = "%s" % fed_exp.fedid

        # Collect the allocation/segment ids into a dict keyed by the fedid
        # of the allocation that contains a tuple of uri, aid
        for i, fed in enumerate(fed_exp.get_all_allocations()):
            uri = fed.uri
            aid = fed.allocID
            if key == 'aid': term_params[aid] = (uri, aid)
            elif key == 'tb': term_params[fed.tb] = (uri, aid)

        if need_lock: self.state_lock.release()
        return ids, term_params, expcert, repo


    def get_termination_info(self, fed_exp):
        self.state_lock.acquire()
        ids, term_params, expcert, repo = self.get_segment_info(fed_exp, False)
        # Change the experiment state
        fed_exp.status = 'terminating'
        fed_exp.updated()
        if self.state_filename: self.write_state()
        self.state_lock.release()

        return ids, term_params, expcert, repo


    def deallocate_resources(self, term_params, expcert, status, force, 
            dealloc_log):
        tmpdir = None
        # This try block makes sure the tempdir is cleared
        try:
            # If no expcert, try the deallocation as the experiment
            # controller instance.
            if expcert and self.auth_type != 'legacy': 
                try:
                    tmpdir = tempfile.mkdtemp(prefix="term-")
                except EnvironmentError:
                    raise service_error(service_error.internal, 
                            "Cannot create tmp dir")
                cert_file = self.make_temp_certfile(expcert, tmpdir)
                pw = None
            else: 
                cert_file = self.cert_file
                pw = self.cert_pwd

            # Stop everyone.  NB, wait_for_all waits until a thread starts
            # and then completes, so we can't wait if nothing starts.  So,
            # no tbparams, no start.
            if len(term_params) > 0:
                tp = thread_pool(self.nthreads)
                for k, (uri, aid) in term_params.items():
                    # Create and start a thread to stop the segment
                    tp.wait_for_slot()
                    t  = pooled_thread(\
                            target=self.terminate_segment(log=dealloc_log,
                                testbed=uri,
                                cert_file=cert_file, 
                                cert_pwd=pw,
                                trusted_certs=self.trusted_certs,
                                caller=self.call_TerminateSegment),
                            args=(uri, aid), name=k,
                            pdata=tp, trace_file=self.trace_file)
                    t.start()
                # Wait for completions
                tp.wait_for_all_done()

            # release the allocations (failed experiments have done this
            # already, and starting experiments may be in odd states, so we
            # ignore errors releasing those allocations
            try: 
                for k, (uri, aid)  in term_params.items():
                    self.release_access(None, aid, uri=uri,
                            cert_file=cert_file, cert_pwd=pw)
            except service_error, e:
                if status != 'failed' and not force:
                    raise e

        # Clean up the tmpdir no matter what
        finally:
            if tmpdir: self.remove_dirs(tmpdir)

    def terminate_experiment(self, req, fid):
        """
        Swap this experiment out on the federants and delete the shared
        information
        """
        self.log.info("Terminate experiment call started for %s" % fid)
        tbparams = { }
        req = req.get('TerminateRequestBody', None)
        if not req:
            raise service_error(service_error.req,
                    "Bad request format (no TerminateRequestBody)")

        key = self.get_experiment_key(req, 'experiment')
        try:
            proof = self.check_experiment_access(fid, key)
        except service_error, e:
            self.log.info(
                    "Terminate experiment call failed for %s: access denied" \
                            % fid)
            raise e
        exp = req.get('experiment', False)
        force = req.get('force', False)

        dealloc_list = [ ]


        # Create a logger that logs to the dealloc_list as well as to the main
        # log file.
        dealloc_log = logging.getLogger('fedd.experiment_control.%s' % key)
        dealloc_log.info("Terminating %s " %key)
        h = logging.StreamHandler(self.list_log(dealloc_list))
        # XXX: there should be a global one of these rather than repeating the
        # code.
        h.setFormatter(logging.Formatter("%(asctime)s %(name)s %(message)s",
                    '%d %b %y %H:%M:%S'))
        dealloc_log.addHandler(h)

        self.state_lock.acquire()
        fed_exp = self.state.get(key, None)
        self.state_lock.release()
        repo = None

        if fed_exp:
            status = self.check_termination_status(fed_exp, force)
            # get_termination_info updates the experiment state
            ids, term_params, expcert, repo = self.get_termination_info(fed_exp)
            self.deallocate_resources(term_params, expcert, status, force, 
                    dealloc_log)

            # Remove the terminated experiment
            self.state_lock.acquire()
            for id in ids:
                self.clear_experiment_authorization(id, need_state_lock=False)
                if id in self.state: del self.state[id]

            if self.state_filename: self.write_state()
            self.state_lock.release()

            # Delete any synch points associated with this experiment.  All
            # synch points begin with the fedid of the experiment.
            fedid_keys = set(["fedid:%s" % f for f in ids \
                    if isinstance(f, fedid)])
            for k in self.synch_store.all_keys():
                try:
                    if len(k) > 45 and k[0:46] in fedid_keys:
                        self.synch_store.del_value(k)
                except synch_store.BadDeletionError:
                    pass
            self.write_store()

            # Remove software and other cached stuff from the filesystem.
            if repo:
                self.remove_dirs("%s/%s" % (self.repodir, repo))
        
            self.log.info("Terminate experiment succeeded for %s %s" % \
                    (key, fid))
            return { 
                    'experiment': exp , 
                    'deallocationLog': string.join(dealloc_list, ''),
                    'proof': [proof.to_dict()],
                    }
        else:
            self.log.info("Terminate experiment failed for %s %s: no state" % \
                    (key, fid))
            raise service_error(service_error.req, "No saved state")


    def GetValue(self, req, fid):
        """
        Get a value from the synchronized store
        """
        req = req.get('GetValueRequestBody', None)
        if not req:
            raise service_error(service_error.req,
                    "Bad request format (no GetValueRequestBody)")
        
        name = req.get('name', None)
        wait = req.get('wait', False)
        rv = { 'name': name }

        if not name:
            raise service_error(service_error.req, "No name?")

        access_ok, proof = self.auth.check_attribute(fid, name, with_proof=True)

        if access_ok:
            self.log.debug("[GetValue] asking for %s " % name)
            try:
                v = self.synch_store.get_value(name, wait)
            except synch_store.RevokedKeyError:
                # No more synch on this key
                raise service_error(service_error.federant, 
                        "Synch key %s revoked" % name)
            if v is not None:
                rv['value'] = v
            rv['proof'] = proof.to_dict()
            self.log.debug("[GetValue] got %s from %s" % (v, name))
            return rv
        else:
            raise service_error(service_error.access, "Access Denied",
                    proof=proof)
        

    def SetValue(self, req, fid):
        """
        Set a value in the synchronized store
        """
        req = req.get('SetValueRequestBody', None)
        if not req:
            raise service_error(service_error.req,
                    "Bad request format (no SetValueRequestBody)")
        
        name = req.get('name', None)
        v = req.get('value', '')

        if not name:
            raise service_error(service_error.req, "No name?")

        access_ok, proof = self.auth.check_attribute(fid, name, with_proof=True)

        if access_ok:
            try:
                self.synch_store.set_value(name, v)
                self.write_store()
                self.log.debug("[SetValue] set %s to %s" % (name, v))
            except synch_store.CollisionError:
                # Translate into a service_error
                raise service_error(service_error.req,
                        "Value already set: %s" %name)
            except synch_store.RevokedKeyError:
                # No more synch on this key
                raise service_error(service_error.federant, 
                        "Synch key %s revoked" % name)
                return { 'name': name, 'value': v, 'proof': proof.to_dict() }
        else:
            raise service_error(service_error.access, "Access Denied",
                    proof=proof)