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source: fedd/abac_client.py @ e26c240

axis_examplecompt_changesinfo-opsversion-2.00version-3.01version-3.02

Last change on this file since e26c240 was 19a3e06, checked in by Jay Jacobs <Jay.Jacobs@…>, 15 years ago
Initial abac client version
Property mode set to `100755`
File size: 23.4 KB

Line
1	#!/usr/local/bin/python
2
3	import sys
4	import os
5	import pwd
6	import tempfile
7	import traceback
8	import subprocess
9	import re
10	import xml.parsers.expat
11	import time
12
13	from federation import fedid, service_error
14	from federation.util import fedd_ssl_context, pack_id, unpack_id
15	from federation.abac_remote_service import abac_service_caller
16	#from federation import topdl
17
18	from optparse import OptionParser, OptionValueError
19
20	class IDFormatException(RuntimeError): pass
21
22	class access_method:
23	"""Encapsulates an access method generically."""
24	(type_ssh, type_x509, type_pgp) = ('sshPubkey', 'X509', 'pgpPubkey')
25	default_type = type_ssh
26	def __init__(self, buf=None, type=None, file=None):
27	self.buf = buf
28
29	if type != None: self.type = type
30	else: self.type = access_method.default_type
31
32	if file != None:
33	self.readfile(file)
34
35	def readfile(self, file, type=None):
36	f = open(file, "r")
37	self.buf = f.read();
38	f.close()
39	if type == None:
40	if self.type == None:
41	self.type = access_method.default_type
42	else:
43	self.type = type;
44
45
46	# Base class that will do a the SOAP/XMLRPC exchange for a request.
47	class abac_rpc:
48	class RPCException:
49	def __init__(self, fb):
50	self.desc = fb.get('desc', None)
51	self.code = fb.get('code', -1)
52	self.errstr = fb.get('errstr', None)
53
54	def __init__(self, pre):
55	"""
56	Specialize the class for the pre method
57	"""
58	self.RequestBody="%sRequestBody" % pre
59	self.ResponseBody="%sResponseBody" % pre
60	self.method = pre
61
62	self.caller = abac_service_caller(self.method)
63	self.RPCException = abac_rpc.RPCException
64
65
66	def add_ssh_key(self, option, opt_str, value, parser, access_keys):
67	try:
68	access_keys.append(access_method(file=value,
69	type=access_method.type_ssh))
70	except IOError, (errno, strerror):
71	raise OptionValueError("Cannot generate sshPubkey from %s: "\
72	"%s (%d)" % (value,strerror,errno))
73
74	def add_x509_cert(self, option, opt_str, value, parser, access_keys):
75	try:
76	access_keys.append(access_method(file=value,
77	type=access_method.type_x509))
78	except IOError, (errno, strerror):
79	raise OptionValueError("Cannot read x509 cert from %s: %s (%d)" %
80	(value,strerror,errno))
81
82	def add_node_desc(self, option, opt_str, value, parser, node_descs):
83	def none_if_zero(x):
84	if len(x) > 0: return x
85	else: return None
86
87	params = map(none_if_zero, value.split(":"));
88
89	if len(params) < 4 and len(params) > 1:
90	node_descs.append(node_desc(*params))
91	else:
92	raise OptionValueError("Bad node description: %s" % value)
93
94	def get_user_info(self, access_keys):
95	pw = pwd.getpwuid(os.getuid());
96	try_cert=None
97	user = None
98
99	if pw != None:
100	user = pw[0]
101	try_cert = "%s/.ssl/emulab.pem" % pw[5];
102	if not os.access(try_cert, os.R_OK):
103	try_cert = None
104	if len(access_keys) == 0:
105	for k in ["%s/.ssh/id_rsa.pub", "%s/.ssh/id_dsa.pub",
106	"%s/.ssh/identity.pub"]:
107	try_key = k % pw[5];
108	if os.access(try_key, os.R_OK):
109	access_keys.append(access_method(file=try_key,
110	type=access_method.type_ssh))
111	break
112	return (user, try_cert)
113
114	def do_rpc(self, req_dict, url, transport, cert, trusted, tracefile=None,
115	serialize_only=False):
116	"""
117	The work of sending and parsing the RPC as either XMLRPC or SOAP
118	"""
119
120	context = None
121	while context == None:
122	try:
123	context = fedd_ssl_context(cert, trusted)
124	except Exception, e:
125	# Yes, doing this on message type is not ideal. The string
126	# comes from OpenSSL, so check there is this stops working.
127	if str(e) == "bad decrypt":
128	print >>sys.stderr, "Bad Passphrase given."
129	else: raise
130
131	if transport == "soap":
132	if serialize_only:
133	print self.caller.serialize_soap(req_dict)
134	sys.exit(0)
135	else:
136	try:
137	resp = self.caller.call_soap_service(url, req_dict,
138	context=context, tracefile=tracefile)
139	except service_error, e:
140	raise self.RPCException( {\
141	'code': e.code,
142	'desc': e.desc,
143	'errstr': e.code_string()\
144	})
145	elif transport == "xmlrpc":
146	if serialize_only:
147	ser = dumps((req_dict,))
148	print ser
149	sys.exit(0)
150	else:
151	try:
152	resp = self.caller.call_xmlrpc_service(url, req_dict,
153	context=context, tracefile=tracefile)
154	except service_error, e:
155	raise self.RPCException( {\
156	'code': e.code,
157	'desc': e.desc,
158	'errstr': e.code_string()\
159	})
160
161	else:
162	raise RuntimeError("Unknown RPC transport: %s" % transport)
163
164	if resp.has_key(self.ResponseBody):
165	return resp[self.ResponseBody]
166	else:
167	raise RuntimeError("No body in response??")
168
169	class abac_client_opts(OptionParser):
170	"""Encapsulate option processing in this class, rather than in main"""
171	def __init__(self):
172	OptionParser.__init__(self, usage="%prog [opts] (--help for details)",
173	version="0.1")
174
175	self.add_option("-c","--cert", action="store", dest="cert",
176	type="string", help="my certificate file")
177	self.add_option("-d", "--debug", action="count", dest="debug",
178	default=0, help="Set debug. Repeat for more information")
179	self.add_option("-s", "--serializeOnly", action="store_true",
180	dest="serialize_only", default=False,
181	help="Print the SOAP request that would be sent and exit")
182	self.add_option("-T","--trusted", action="store", dest="trusted",
183	type="string", help="Trusted certificates (required)")
184	self.add_option("-u", "--url", action="store", dest="url",
185	type="string",default="https://localhost:23235",
186	help="URL to connect to (default %default)")
187	self.add_option("-F","--useFedid", action="store_true",
188	dest="use_fedid", default=False,
189	help="Use a fedid derived from my certificate as user identity")
190	self.add_option("-x","--transport", action="store", type="choice",
191	choices=("xmlrpc", "soap"), default="soap",
192	help="Transport for request (xmlrpc\|soap) (Default: %default)")
193	self.add_option("--trace", action="store_const", dest="tracefile",
194	const=sys.stderr, help="Print SOAP exchange to stderr")
195
196	class abac_create_opts(abac_client_opts):
197	def __init__(self, access_keys, add_key_callback=None,
198	add_cert_callback=None):
199	abac_client_opts.__init__(self)
200	self.add_option("-f", "--file", dest="file", type="string",
201	help="negotiation context remote path name")
202	if add_key_callback:
203	self.add_option("-k", "--ssh_key", action="callback",
204	type="string", callback=add_key_callback,
205	callback_args=(access_keys,),
206	help="ssh key for access (can be supplied more than once")
207	if add_cert_callback:
208	self.add_option("-K", "--x509Key", action="callback",
209	type="string", callback=add_cert_callback,
210	callback_args=(access_keys,),
211	help="X509 certificate for access " + \
212	"(can be supplied more than once")
213	self.add_option("-m", "--master", dest="master",
214	help="Master testbed in the federation")
215	self.add_option("-U", "--username", action="store", dest="user",
216	type="string",
217	help="Use this username instead of the uid")
218
219	class abac_access_opts(abac_create_opts):
220	def __init__(self, access_keys, node_descs, add_key_callback=None,
221	add_cert_callback=None, add_node_callback=None):
222	abac_create_opts.__init__(self, access_keys, add_key_callback,
223	add_cert_callback)
224	self.add_option("-a","--anonymous", action="store_true",
225	dest="anonymous", default=False,
226	help="Do not include a user in the request")
227	self.add_option("-l","--label", action="store", dest="label",
228	type="string", help="Label for output")
229	if add_node_callback:
230	self.add_option("-n", "--node", action="callback", type="string",
231	callback=add_node_callback, callback_args=(node_descs,),
232	help="Node description: image:hardware[:count]")
233	self.add_option("-t", "--testbed", action="store", dest="testbed",
234	type="string",
235	help="Testbed identifier (URI) to contact (required)")
236
237
238	class abac_negotiate_opts(abac_create_opts):
239	def __init__(self, access_keys, node_descs, add_key_callback=None,
240	add_cert_callback=None, add_node_callback=None):
241	abac_create_opts.__init__(self, access_keys, add_key_callback,
242	add_cert_callback)
243	self.add_option("-a","--anonymous", action="store_true",
244	dest="anonymous", default=False,
245	help="Do not include a user in the request")
246	self.add_option("-l","--label", action="store", dest="label",
247	type="string", help="Label for output")
248	if add_node_callback:
249	self.add_option("-n", "--node", action="callback", type="string",
250	callback=add_node_callback, callback_args=(node_descs,),
251	help="Node description: image:hardware[:count]")
252	self.add_option("-t", "--testbed", action="store", dest="testbed",
253	type="string",
254	help="Testbed identifier (URI) to contact (required)")
255
256
257
258
259	class exp_data_base(abac_rpc):
260	def __init__(self, op='Info'):
261	"""
262	Init the various conversions
263	"""
264
265	abac_rpc.__init__(self, op)
266	# List of things one could ask for and what formatting routine is
267	# called.
268	self.params = {
269	'vis': ('vis', self.print_xml('vis')),
270	'vtopo': ('vtopo', self.print_xml('vtopo')),
271	'federant': ('federant', self.print_xml),
272	'id': ('experimentID', self.print_id),
273	'status': ('experimentStatus', self.print_string),
274	'log': ('allocationLog', self.print_string),
275	'access': ('experimentAccess', self.print_string),
276	}
277
278	# Utility functions
279	def print_string(self, d, out=sys.stdout):
280	print >>out, d
281
282	def print_id(self, d, out=sys.stdout):
283	if d:
284	for id in d:
285	for k in id.keys():
286	print >>out, "%s: %s" % (k, id[k])
287
288	class print_xml:
289	"""
290	Print the retrieved data is a simple xml representation of the dict.
291	"""
292	def __init__(self, top):
293	self.xml = top
294
295	def __call__(self, d, out=sys.stdout):
296	str = "<%s>\n" % self.xml
297	for t in ('node', 'lan'):
298	if d.has_key(t):
299	for x in d[t]:
300	str += "<%s>" % t
301	for k in x.keys():
302	str += "<%s>%s</%s>" % (k, x[k],k)
303	str += "</%s>\n" % t
304	str+= "</%s>" % self.xml
305	print >>out, str
306
307
308
309	class context_data(exp_data_base):
310	def __init__(self):
311	exp_data_base.__init__(self, 'MultiInfo')
312
313
314	def __call__(self):
315	"""
316	The control flow. Compose the request and print the response.
317	"""
318	# Process the options using the customized option parser defined above
319	parser = abac_multi_exp_data_opts()
320
321	(opts, args) = parser.parse_args()
322
323	if opts.trusted:
324	if ( not os.access(opts.trusted, os.R_OK) ) :
325	sys.exit("Cannot read trusted certificates (%s)" % opts.trusted)
326
327	if opts.debug > 0: opts.tracefile=sys.stderr
328
329	(user, cert) = self.get_user_info([])
330
331	if opts.cert != None: cert = opts.cert
332
333	if cert == None:
334	sys.exit("No certificate given (--cert) or found")
335
336	if opts.file == None:
337	sys.exit("No file given (--file)")
338
339	if os.access(cert, os.R_OK):
340	fid = fedid(file=cert)
341	else:
342	sys.exit("Cannot read certificate (%s)" % cert)
343
344	req = { 'ContextIn': { 'contextFile': opts.file } }
345
346	try:
347	resp_dict = self.do_rpc(req,
348	opts.url, opts.transport, cert, opts.trusted,
349	serialize_only=opts.serialize_only,
350	tracefile=opts.tracefile)
351	except self.RPCException, e:
352	exit_with_fault(\
353	{'desc': e.desc, 'errstr': e.errstr, 'code': e.code})
354	except RuntimeError, e:
355	sys.exit("Error processing RPC: %s" % e)
356
357	exps = resp_dict.get('info', [])
358	if exps:
359	print '---'
360	for exp in exps:
361	for d in opts.data:
362	key, output = self.params[d]
363	try:
364	if exp.has_key(key):
365	output(exp[key])
366	except RuntimeError, e:
367	sys.exit("Bad response. %s" % e.message)
368	print '---'
369
370
371	def __call__(self):
372	"""
373	The control flow. Compose the request and print the response.
374	"""
375	# Process the options using the customized option parser defined above
376	parser = fedd_image_opts()
377
378	(opts, args) = parser.parse_args()
379
380	if opts.trusted:
381	if ( not os.access(opts.trusted, os.R_OK) ) :
382	sys.exit("Cannot read trusted certificates (%s)" % opts.trusted)
383
384	if opts.debug > 0: opts.tracefile=sys.stderr
385
386	(user, cert) = self.get_user_info([])
387
388	if opts.cert != None: cert = opts.cert
389
390	if cert == None:
391	sys.exit("No certificate given (--cert) or found")
392
393	if os.access(cert, os.R_OK):
394	fid = fedid(file=cert)
395	else:
396	sys.exit("Cannot read certificate (%s)" % cert)
397
398	if opts.exp_name and opts.exp_certfile:
399	sys.exit("Only one of --experiment_cert and " +\
400	"--experiment_name permitted");
401
402	if opts.exp_certfile:
403	exp_id = { 'fedid': fedid(file=opts.exp_certfile) }
404
405	if opts.exp_name:
406	exp_id = { 'localname' : opts.exp_name }
407
408	if opts.format and opts.outfile:
409	fmt = opts.format
410	file = opts.outfile
411	elif not opts.format and opts.outfile:
412	fmt = opts.outfile[-3:]
413	if fmt not in ("png", "jpg", "dot", "svg"):
414	sys.exit("Unexpected file type and no format specified")
415	file = opts.outfile
416	elif opts.format and not opts.outfile:
417	fmt = opts.format
418	file = None
419	else:
420	fmt="dot"
421	file = None
422
423
424	req = { 'experiment': exp_id }
425
426	try:
427	resp_dict = self.do_rpc(req,
428	opts.url, opts.transport, cert, opts.trusted,
429	serialize_only=opts.serialize_only,
430	tracefile=opts.tracefile)
431	except self.RPCException, e:
432	exit_with_fault(\
433	{'desc': e.desc, 'errstr': e.errstr, 'code': e.code})
434	except RuntimeError, e:
435	sys.exit("Error processing RPC: %s" % e)
436
437
438	if resp_dict.has_key('vtopo'):
439	self.gen_image(resp_dict['vtopo'],
440	len(resp_dict['vtopo'].get('node', [])),
441	file, fmt, opts.neato, opts.labels, opts.pixels)
442	else:
443	sys.exit("Bad response. %s" % e.message)
444
445
446	class create(abac_rpc):
447	def __init__(self):
448	abac_rpc.__init__(self, "CreateContext")
449	def __call__(self):
450	access_keys = []
451	# Process the options using the customized option parser defined above
452	parser = abac_create_opts(access_keys, self.add_ssh_key,
453	self.add_x509_cert)
454
455	(opts, args) = parser.parse_args()
456
457	if opts.trusted:
458	if ( not os.access(opts.trusted, os.R_OK) ) :
459	sys.exit("Cannot read trusted certificates (%s)" % opts.trusted)
460
461	if opts.debug > 0: opts.tracefile=sys.stderr
462
463	(user, cert) = self.get_user_info(access_keys)
464
465	if opts.user: user = opts.user
466
467	if opts.cert != None: cert = opts.cert
468
469	if cert == None:
470	sys.exit("No certificate given (--cert) or found")
471
472	if os.access(cert, os.R_OK):
473	fid = fedid(file=cert)
474	if opts.use_fedid == True:
475	user = fid
476	else:
477	sys.exit("Cannot read certificate (%s)" % cert)
478
479	# if opts.file:
480	# exp_desc = ""
481	# try:
482	# f = open(opts.file, 'r')
483	# for line in f:
484	# exp_desc += line
485	# f.close()
486	# except IOError:
487	# sys.exit("Cannot read description file (%s)" %opts.file)
488	# else:
489	# sys.exit("Must specify an experiment description (--file)")
490	#
491	# if not opts.master:
492	# sys.exit("Must specify a master testbed (--master)")
493	#
494	# out_certfile = opts.out_certfile
495
496	print "file = %s" % opts.file
497	# msg = { 'ContextIn': { 'contextFile': opts.file } }
498	msg = { 'contextFile': opts.file }
499
500	if opts.debug > 1: print >>sys.stderr, msg
501
502	try:
503	resp_dict = self.do_rpc(msg,
504	opts.url, opts.transport, cert, opts.trusted,
505	serialize_only=opts.serialize_only,
506	tracefile=opts.tracefile)
507	except self.RPCException, e:
508	exit_with_fault(\
509	{'desc': e.desc, 'errstr': e.errstr, 'code': e.code})
510	except RuntimeError, e:
511	sys.exit("Error processing RPC: %s" % e)
512
513	if opts.debug > 1: print >>sys.stderr, resp_dict
514
515	ea = resp_dict.get('experimentAccess', None)
516	if out_certfile and ea and ea.has_key('X509'):
517	try:
518	f = open(out_certfile, "w")
519	print >>f, ea['X509']
520	f.close()
521	except IOError:
522	sys.exit('Could not write to %s' % out_certfile)
523	eid = resp_dict.get('experimentID', None)
524	if eid:
525	for id in eid:
526	for k in id.keys():
527	print "%s: %s" % (k, id[k])
528	st = resp_dict.get('experimentStatus', None)
529	if st:
530	print "status: %s" % st
531
532	class negotiate(abac_rpc):
533	def __init__(self):
534	abac_rpc.__init__(self, "Negotiate")
535	def __call__(self):
536	access_keys = []
537	# Process the options using the customized option parser defined above
538	parser = abac_create_opts(access_keys, self.add_ssh_key,
539	self.add_x509_cert)
540
541	(opts, args) = parser.parse_args()
542
543	if opts.trusted:
544	if ( not os.access(opts.trusted, os.R_OK) ) :
545	sys.exit("Cannot read trusted certificates (%s)" % opts.trusted)
546
547	if not opts.project :
548	parser.error('--project is required')
549
550	if opts.debug > 0: opts.tracefile=sys.stderr
551
552	(user, cert) = self.get_user_info(access_keys)
553
554	if opts.user: user = opts.user
555
556	if opts.cert != None: cert = opts.cert
557
558	if cert == None:
559	sys.exit("No certificate given (--cert) or found")
560
561	if os.access(cert, os.R_OK):
562	fid = fedid(file=cert)
563	if opts.use_fedid == True:
564	user = fid
565	else:
566	sys.exit("Cannot read certificate (%s)" % cert)
567
568	if opts.file:
569	exp_desc = ""
570	try:
571	f = open(opts.file, 'r')
572	for line in f:
573	exp_desc += line
574	f.close()
575	except IOError:
576	sys.exit("Cannot read description file (%s)" %opts.file)
577	else:
578	sys.exit("Must specify an experiment description (--file)")
579
580	if not opts.master:
581	sys.exit("Must specify a master testbed (--master)")
582
583	out_certfile = opts.out_certfile
584
585	msg = {
586	'experimentdescription': { 'ns2description': exp_desc },
587	'master': opts.master,
588	'exportProject': { 'localname': opts.project },
589	'user' : [ {\
590	'userID': pack_id(user), \
591	'access': [ { a.type: a.buf } for a in access_keys]\
592	} ]
593	}
594
595	if opts.exp_name:
596	msg['experimentID'] = { 'localname': opts.exp_name }
597
598	if opts.debug > 1: print >>sys.stderr, msg
599
600	try:
601	resp_dict = self.do_rpc(msg,
602	opts.url, opts.transport, cert, opts.trusted,
603	serialize_only=opts.serialize_only,
604	tracefile=opts.tracefile)
605	except self.RPCException, e:
606	exit_with_fault(\
607	{'desc': e.desc, 'errstr': e.errstr, 'code': e.code})
608	except RuntimeError, e:
609	sys.exit("Error processing RPC: %s" % e)
610
611	if opts.debug > 1: print >>sys.stderr, resp_dict
612
613	ea = resp_dict.get('experimentAccess', None)
614	if out_certfile and ea and ea.has_key('X509'):
615	try:
616	f = open(out_certfile, "w")
617	print >>f, ea['X509']
618	f.close()
619	except IOError:
620	sys.exit('Could not write to %s' % out_certfile)
621	eid = resp_dict.get('experimentID', None)
622	if eid:
623	for id in eid:
624	for k in id.keys():
625	print "%s: %s" % (k, id[k])
626	st = resp_dict.get('experimentStatus', None)
627	if st:
628	print "status: %s" % st
629
630	class access(abac_rpc):
631	def __init__(self):
632	abac_rpc.__init__(self, "Access")
633	def __call__(self):
634	access_keys = []
635	# Process the options using the customized option parser defined above
636	parser = abac_create_opts(access_keys, self.add_ssh_key,
637	self.add_x509_cert)
638
639	(opts, args) = parser.parse_args()
640
641	if opts.trusted:
642	if ( not os.access(opts.trusted, os.R_OK) ) :
643	sys.exit("Cannot read trusted certificates (%s)" % opts.trusted)
644
645	if not opts.project :
646	parser.error('--project is required')
647
648	if opts.debug > 0: opts.tracefile=sys.stderr
649
650	(user, cert) = self.get_user_info(access_keys)
651
652	if opts.user: user = opts.user
653
654	if opts.cert != None: cert = opts.cert
655
656	if cert == None:
657	sys.exit("No certificate given (--cert) or found")
658
659	if os.access(cert, os.R_OK):
660	fid = fedid(file=cert)
661	if opts.use_fedid == True:
662	user = fid
663	else:
664	sys.exit("Cannot read certificate (%s)" % cert)
665
666	if not opts.id:
667	sys.exit("Must specify a negotiator id (--id)")
668
669	if not opts.goal:
670	sys.exit("Must specify a goal (--file)")
671
672	out_certfile = opts.out_certfile
673
674	msg = {
675	'context': { 'contextID': opts.contextID },
676	'goal': opts.goal
677	}
678
679	if opts.exp_name:
680	msg['experimentID'] = { 'localname': opts.exp_name }
681
682	if opts.debug > 1: print >>sys.stderr, msg
683
684	try:
685	resp_dict = self.do_rpc(msg,
686	opts.url, opts.transport, cert, opts.trusted,
687	serialize_only=opts.serialize_only,
688	tracefile=opts.tracefile)
689	except self.RPCException, e:
690	exit_with_fault(\
691	{'desc': e.desc, 'errstr': e.errstr, 'code': e.code})
692	except RuntimeError, e:
693	sys.exit("Error processing RPC: %s" % e)
694
695	if opts.debug > 1: print >>sys.stderr, resp_dict
696
697	ea = resp_dict.get('experimentAccess', None)
698	if out_certfile and ea and ea.has_key('X509'):
699	try:
700	f = open(out_certfile, "w")
701	print >>f, ea['X509']
702	f.close()
703	except IOError:
704	sys.exit('Could not write to %s' % out_certfile)
705	eid = resp_dict.get('experimentID', None)
706	if eid:
707	for id in eid:
708	for k in id.keys():
709	print "%s: %s" % (k, id[k])
710	st = resp_dict.get('experimentStatus', None)
711	if st:
712	print "status: %s" % st
713
714	def exit_with_fault(dict, out=sys.stderr):
715	""" Print an error message and exit.
716
717	The dictionary contains the FeddFaultBody elements."""
718	codestr = ""
719
720	if dict.has_key('errstr'):
721	codestr = "Error: %s" % dict['errstr']
722
723	if dict.has_key('code'):
724	if len(codestr) > 0 :
725	codestr += " (%d)" % dict['code']
726	else:
727	codestr = "Error Code: %d" % dict['code']
728	print>>out, codestr
729	print>>out, "Description: %s" % dict['desc']
730	traceback.print_stack()
731	sys.exit(dict.get('code', 20))
732
733
734	cmds = {\
735	'create': create(),\
736	'access': access()\
737	# 'negotiate': negotiate(),\
738	# 'status': status()\
739	}
740
741	operation = cmds.get(sys.argv[1], None)
742	if operation:
743	del sys.argv[1]
744	operation()
745	else:
746	if sys.argv[1] == '--help':
747	sys.exit(\
748	'''Only context sensitive help is available. For one of the commands:
749
750	%s
751
752	type
753	%s command --help
754
755	to get help, e.g., %s create --help
756	''' % (", ".join(cmds.keys()), sys.argv[0], sys.argv[0]))
757	else:
758	sys.exit("Bad command: %s. Valid ones are: %s" % \
759	(sys.argv[1], ", ".join(cmds.keys())))
760

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